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词条 British Antarctic Survey
释义

  1. History

     Directors 

  2. Research stations

     Antarctica  South Georgia  Other sites 

  3. Equipment

     Ships  Aircraft 

  4. Findings

  5. Polar image collection

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|United Kingdom's national Antarctic operation}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox Organization
|name = British Antarctic Survey
|image = British Antarctic Survey Logo.gif
|size = 320px
|caption =
|abbreviation = BAS
|formation = 1962
|status = Government organisation
|purpose = Scientific research and surveys in the Antarctic
|headquarters =
|location = High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge
|region_served = United Kingdom
|membership =
|leader_title = Director
|leader_name = Professor Dame Jane Francis
|leader_title2 = Deputy-Director
|leader_name2 =
|main_organ =
|parent_organisation = Natural Environment Research Council
|affiliations =
|num_staff = 400+ staff
|budget = £48,053,000 (2011–12)[1]
|website = {{URL|https://www.bas.ac.uk/}}
}}

The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national Antarctic operation. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council. With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations, two ships and five aircraft in both polar regions,[2] as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations.

Having taken shape from activities during World War II, it was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962.

History

Operation Tabarin was a small British expedition in 1943 to establish permanently occupied bases in the Antarctic. It was a joint undertaking by the Admiralty and the Colonial Office. At the end of the war it was renamed the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and full control passed to the Colonial Office. At this time there were four stations, three occupied and one unoccupied. By the time FIDS was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962, 19 stations and three refuges had been established.[3]

In 2012 the parent body, NERC, proposed merging the BAS with another NERC institute, National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.[4] This proved controversial, and after the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee opposed the move[5] the plan was dropped.[6]

Directors

  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1945}} |end_date={{End date|1948}} |event=Edward W. Bingham}}
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1958}} |end_date={{End date|1973}} |event=Vivian Fuchs}}
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1973}} |end_date=May 1987 |event=Richard Laws }}[7][8]
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1987}} |end_date={{End date|1994}} |event=David Drewry }}[9]
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1994}} |end_date={{End date|1997}} |event=Barry Heywood }}
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1998}} |end_date={{End date|2007}} |event=Chris Rapley }}[10]
  • {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2007}} |end_date=May 2012 |event=Nick Owens }}[11][12]
  • {{Timeline-event |date=November 2012 |end_date=September 2013 |event=Alan Rodger (Interim director)}}[13]
  • {{Timeline-event |date=October 2013 |event=Jane Francis}}[13][14][15]

Research stations

Antarctica

{{Location map+ | Antarctica
| width = 250
| caption = BAS research stations in the British Antarctic Territory
| places =
| label = Sky Blu
| position = bottom
| lat_deg = -74.856344
| lon_deg = -71.586822
  }}  {{Location map~ | Antarctica

| label = Fossil Bluff
| lat_deg = -71.311515
| lon_deg = -68.32354
  }}  {{Location map~ | Antarctica

| label = Signy
| lat_deg = -60.708137
| lon_deg = -45.594888
  }}  {{Location map~ | Antarctica

| label = Halley
| lat_deg = -75.612543
| lon_deg = -26.197797
  }}  {{Location map~ | Antarctica

| label = Rothera
| position = top
| lat_deg = -67.568417
| lon_deg = -68.125796
}}

The BAS operates five permanent research stations in the British Antarctic Territory:

  • Rothera Research Station on Adelaide Island
  • Halley Research Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf
  • Signy Research Station on Signy Island
  • Fossil Bluff logistics facility on Alexander Island
  • Sky Blu logistics facility in Ellsworth Land

Of these Research Stations, only Rothera and Halley are usually manned throughout the year.[16] Halley VI was closed for the March 2017 winter after relocation due to safety concerns when a previously inactive crack, "Chasm 1", in the Brunt Ice shelf began to expand in the direction of the base.[17] The base was closed again in March 2018 with similar concerns.[18][19] The remaining bases are manned only during the Antarctic summer.

{{Gallery
|title=Antarctic research stations
|width=100 |height=100
|align=center
|File:BAS Rothera.jpg| Rothera Research Station
|File:MoonOverHalley5.jpg | Halley V[20]
}}{{clear}}

South Georgia

{{Location map+ | United Kingdom South Georgia
| width = 250
| AlternativeMap = South Georgia location map.svg
| caption = BAS research stations in South Georgia
| places =
| label = Bird Island
| position = top
| lat_deg = -54.005556
| lon_deg = -38.05
  }}  {{Location map~ | United Kingdom South Georgia

| label = King Edward Point
| position = bottom
| lat_deg = -54.283333
| lon_deg = -36.5
  }}

}}

The BAS also operates two permanent bases on South Georgia:[20]

  • King Edward Point Research Station at King Edward Point
  • Bird Island Research Station on Bird Island

Both South Georgia bases are manned throughout the year.

{{clear}}

Other sites

The headquarters of the BAS are in the university city of Cambridge, on Madingley Road. This facility provides offices, laboratories and workshops to support the scientific and logistic activities in the Antarctic.[21]

The BAS also operates the Ny-Ålesund Research Station on behalf of the NERC. This is an Arctic research base located at Ny-Ålesund on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen.[22]

Equipment

Ships

{{Main|Royal Research Ship}}

BAS operates two ships in support of its Antarctic research programme. Whilst both vessels have research and supply capabilities, the {{ship|RRS|James Clark Ross}} is primarily an oceanographic research ship, whilst {{ship|RRS|Ernest Shackleton}} is primarily a logistics ship used for the resupply of scientific stations.[23] James Clark Ross replaced {{ship|RRS|John Biscoe|1956|6}} in 1991 and Ernest Shackleton was the successor to {{ship|RRS|Bransfield}} in 1999.[24]

Both vessels depart from the United Kingdom in September or October of each year, and return to the United Kingdom in the following May or June. Both vessels undergo refit and drydock during the Antarctic winter, but are also used elsewhere during this period. James Clark Ross often undertakes scientific research on behalf of other organisations in the Arctic, whilst Ernest Shackleton is chartered into commercial survey work.[23]

The two civilian ships operated by the BAS are complemented by the capabilities of the Royal Navy's ice patrol vessel that operates in the same waters. Until 2008 this was {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, a Class 1A1 icebreaker. Endurance's two Lynx helicopters enabled BAS staff to get to remote field sites that BAS aircraft could not access.[25] However, a catastrophic flooding accident left Endurance badly damaged, with a replacement only being procured in 2011. This ship, {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, first deployed to the Antarctic in November 2011.[26]

In April 2014 the government authorised the procurement by BAS of a new large Antarctic research vessel at an estimated cost of £200 million, expected to be in service in 2019.[27]

Aircraft

BAS operates five aircraft in support of its research programme in Antarctica. The aircraft used are all made by de Havilland Canada and comprise four Twin Otters and one Dash 7.[28] The planes are maintained by Rocky Mountain Aircraft in Springbank, Alberta, Canada. During the Antarctic summer the aircraft are based at the Rothera base, which has a 900-metre gravel runway. During the Antarctic winter, conditions preclude flying and the aircraft return to Canada.[29]

The larger Dash 7 undertakes regular shuttle flights between either Port Stanley Airport on the Falkland Islands, or Punta Arenas in Chile, and Rothera. It also operates to and from the ice runway at the Sky Blu base. The smaller Twin Otters are equipped with skis for landing on snow and ice in remote areas, and operate out of the bases at Rothera, Fossil Bluff, Halley and Sky Blu.[29]

Findings

In January 2008, a team of British Antarctic Survey scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains, close to Pine Island Glacier.[30] The British Antarctic Survey were also responsible for the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The discovery was made in 1985 by a team of three BAS scientists: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin. Their work was confirmed by satellite data, and was met with worldwide concern.[31]

Polar image collection

The BAS runs an online polar image collection which includes imagery of scientific research at the poles, logistics operations, and the continent and its wildlife. The image collection is run by British cameraman and photographer Pete Bucktrout, who has visited the continent eleven times during his 24 years working for BAS. His work has been seen in newspapers and on television around the world.

See also

  • British Antarctic Territory
  • Faraday Research Station
  • Halley Research Station
  • List of organizations based in Antarctica
  • National Antarctic Program
  • Rothera Research Station

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/publications/bas_business_plan_2011_external.pdf |title=Business Plan 2011 |work=British Antarctic Survey |accessdate=3 September 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web| title=BAS Vision and Mission| url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/corporate-aims/| publisher=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=24 September 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/our_history/stations_and_refuges/index.php| title=British Research Stations and Refuges – History| publisher=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=11 November 2007}}
4. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/29/antarctic-base-ozone-government-cuts| title=Antarctic research at risk as government cuts back on science| first=Robin |last=McKie| newspaper=The Observer| date=29 September 2012| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/news/1201031-nerc-report/| title=Think again on British Antarctic Survey merger say Science and Technology Committee|date=31 October 2012| publisher=UK Parliament Website| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
6. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/04/duncan-wingham-british-antarctic-survey| title=Research boss Wingham in trouble over British Antarctic Survey claim| first1=Damian |last1=Carrington |first2=Robin |last2=McKie| date=4 November 2012| newspaper=The Observer| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
7. ^{{cite journal| url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0032247400031375| title=New director of the British Antarctic Survey: Dr R.M. Laws| first=Brian |last=Roberts| journal=Polar Record| volume=17| issue=106| date=January 1974| page=49| doi=10.1017/S0032247400031375| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/basclub/whatwedo/laws.php| title=Laws Prize 2012| work=British Antarctic Survey Club| accessdate=4 November 2012| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009054412/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//basclub/whatwedo/laws.php| archivedate=9 October 2012| df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/drewry.html| title=Professor David J Drewry| publisher=Anglia Ruskin University| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
10. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/aug/31/uknews| title=Profile: Chris Rapley| first=James |last=Randerson| newspaper=The Guardian| date=31 August 2007| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
11. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/news/news_story.php?id=180| title=New Director for the British Antarctic Survey| work=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
12. ^{{cite news| url=http://noc.ac.uk/news/noc-welcomes-nick-owens-appointment-sahfos-director| title=NOC welcomes Nick Owens appointment as SAHFOS Director| work=National Oceanography Centre| date=10 May 2012| accessdate=4 November 2012}}
13. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/03/22/british-antarctic-survey-has-a-new-director-climate-expert-professor-jane-francis | title=British Antarctic Survey has a new director: climate expert Professor Jane Francis | work=Merco Press |year=2013 | accessdate=23 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090522/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/03/22/british-antarctic-survey-has-a-new-director-climate-expert-professor-jane-francis |archivedate=23 October 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bas.ac.uk/about_bas/our_organisation/directorate/index.php|title=The BAS Executive Team|work=bas.ac.uk}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/our_organisation/bas_pspe_organisation_chart.pdf |format=PDF|title=BAS PSPE Organisation 28 November 2012|website=antarctica.ac.uk}}
16. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=334 |title=Extreme Engineering |first=David |last=Blake |journal=Ingenia |issue=24 |date=September 2005 |accessdate=28 March 2010}}
17. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/12035138/The-ice-station-that-needs-saving-from-the-abyss.html| title=The ice station that needs saving from the abyss| author=Patrick Sawer| date=5 Dec 2015| publisher=The Telegraph| accessdate=11 Nov 2018}}
18. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/115024/| title=Halley Research Station will not winter in 2018| publisher=BAS| date=31 October 2017| accessdate=11 Nov 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/halley-research-station-antarctica-to-close-for-winter/| title=Halley Research Station Antarctica to close for winter| publisher=BAS| date=16 January 2017| accessdate=11 Nov 2018}}
20. ^1 {{cite web | title = Research Stations in Antarctica | work = British Antarctic Survey | url = http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/index.php | accessdate = 31 December 2007}}
21. ^{{cite web| title=BAS Cambridge| work=British Antarctic Survey| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/our_organisation/cambridge.php| accessdate=31 December 2007}}
22. ^{{cite web| title=Ny-Ålesund Arctic Research Station| work=British Antarctic Survey| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/ny_alesund/index.php| accessdate=2 January 2008| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223152907/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/ny_alesund/index.php| archivedate=23 December 2007| df=dmy-all}}
23. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/index.php| title=Research Ships| work=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=31 December 2007| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214050204/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/index.php| archivedate=14 December 2007| df=dmy-all}}
24. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/our_history/bransfield.php| title=RRS Bransfield – History| work=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=28 March 2010}}
25. ^{{cite web| title=HMS Endurance – Ice Patrol Vessel| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/hms_endurance/index.php| work=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=31 December 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607111728/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/hms_endurance/index.php| archivedate=7 June 2011}}
26. ^{{cite web| title=Protector sails on her debut voyage to the ice| url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/November/29/111129-HW-Protector-Deploys| work=Royal Navy| accessdate=1 December 2011| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001320/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2011/November/29/111129-HW-Protector-Deploys| archivedate=2 December 2011| df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite news |title=£200 million floating laboratory will explore 'final frontier' of polar regions |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10786241/200-million-floating-laboratory-will-explore-final-frontier-of-polar-regions.html |accessdate=30 April 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=25 April 2014}}
28. ^{{cite journal|title=Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2017|page=13|accessdate=28 September 2017}}
29. ^1 {{cite web| title=Aircraft in Antarctica| url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/aircraft_and_vehicles/aircraft/index.php| work=British Antarctic Survey| accessdate=31 December 2007| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129092148/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/aircraft_and_vehicles/aircraft/index.php| archivedate=29 January 2008| df=dmy-all}}
30. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7194579.stm| first=Richard |last=Black| publisher=BBC News| title=Ancient Antarctic eruption noted| accessdate=28 March 2010 | date=20 January 2008}}
31. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/the-ozone-layer/ |title=The Ozone Layer |work=British Antarctic Survey |date=18 May 2015 |accessdate=30 November 2015}}

External links

{{commons category|British Antarctic Survey}}
  • {{Official website|https://www.bas.ac.uk/}}
  • Polar Picture Library
  • Discovering Antarctica — teaching and learning resources on Antarctica
  • [https://www.bas.ac.uk/science/our-research/ BAS science programmes]
  • [https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/station/ BAS research stations]
  • [https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/bgc/ BAS Online Palaeontology Collection]
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}

10 : British Antarctic Survey|Antarctic agencies|British Antarctic Territory|Buildings and structures in Cambridge|Natural Environment Research Council|Scientific organizations established in 1943|Organisations based in Cambridge|Environment of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|United Kingdom and the Antarctic|Buildings and structures in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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