“British Indian”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Official figures demonstrate that Indian employees have the highest average hourly rate among all ethnic groups in Britain. ^[3]^[4] A study in 2011 found British Indians have among the lowest poverty rates among all non-Caucasian ethnic groups in Britain.^[5] Studies and official figures have shown that Indians are more likely to be employed in professional and managerial occupations, than all other ethnic groups, including White British people.^[6]^[7]

18th–19th centuries

People from India have settled in Great Britain since the East India Company (EIC) recruited lascars to replace vacancies in their crews on East Indiamen whilst on voyages in India. Initially these were men from the Indo-Portuguese or Luso-Asian communities of the subcontinent, including men from Bombay, Goa, Cochin, Madras and the Hugli River in Bengal. Later Muslim Bengalis and men from Ratnagiri were hired. Many were then refused passage back and had no alternative than to settle in London. There were also some ayahs, domestic servants and nannies of wealthy British families, who accompanied their employers back to Britain when their stay in South Asia came to an end. British soldiers would also sometimes marry Indian women and send their mixed race children back to Britain, although the wife often did not accompany them. Indian wives of British soldiers would sometimes ask for passage home after being abandoned or widowed if they did accompany their children. In 1835, Bridget Peter a native of the Madras region lost her husband, a British soldier serving in His Majesty's 1st Foot Regiment. She petitioned the Directors from Chelsea Hospital 'in a state of destitution'. They paid to return her and her three children to India.^[8]

The Navigation Act of 1660 restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships. Baptism records in East Greenwich suggest that a small number of young Indians from the Malabar Coast were being recruited as house servants at the end of the 17th century, and records of the EIC also suggest that Indo-Portuguese cooks from Goa were retained by captains from voyage to voyage.^[9] In 1797, 13 were buried in the parish of St Nicholas at Deptford.

During the 19th century, the East India Company brought thousands of Indian lascars, scholars and workers (who were largely Bengali and/or Muslim) to Britain largely to work on ships and in ports. Some of whom settled down and took local British wives, partly due to a lack of Indian women in Britain and also abandonment due to restrictions on South Asian crew members being employed on British ships such as the Navigation Acts.^[10] It is estimated 8,000 Indians (a proportion being lascar sailors) lived in Britain permanently prior to the 1950s.^[11]^[12]^[13] Due to the majority of early Asian immigrants being lascar seamen, the earliest Indian communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous early Bengali immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostanee Coffee House. He is also valued for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.^[14] By the mid-19th century, there were more than 40,000 Indian seamen, diplomats, scholars, soldiers, officials, tourists, businessmen and students in Britain, the majority of them being seamen working on ships,^[15] Lascars lodged in British ports in between voyages.^[16] Most Indians during this period would visit or reside in Britain temporarily, returning to India after months or several years, bringing back knowledge about Britain in the process.^[17]

20th century

The 1931 Census of India estimated that there were at least 2,000 Indian students in English and Scottish Universities at the time, from an estimated, and overwhelmingly male population of 9,243 South Asians on the British mainland, of which 7,128 resided in England and Wales, two thousand in Scotland, with a thousand in Northern Ireland, and 1 on the Isle of Man. Their origins were recorded as:

In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of "all Indians outside India" (which included modern Pakistani and Bangladeshi territories) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians living in the United Kingdom, which included students, lascars, and professionals such as doctors.The resident Indian population of Birmingham was recorded at 100 by 1939. By 1945 it was 1,000.^[19]

Following the Second World War and the breakup of the British Empire, Indian migration to the UK increased through the 1950s and 1960s. This was partly due to the British Nationality Act 1948, which enabled migration from the Commonwealth with very few limits.^[20] In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas.^[21] The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration, although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the British Indian community has come from the births of second- and third-generation Indian Britons.

Although post-war immigration was continuous, several distinct phases can be identified:

21st century

By the early 21st century, the British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ethnicity (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the nine-year period between 2001 and 2010, the number of Indian-born people in the UK has increased in size by 43% from 467,634 to around 669,000 (an increase of over 200,000).^[25]

Demographics

Population

The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862, residents of Indian ethnicity, accounting for 2.3 per cent of the total UK population (not including those of mixed ethnic backgrounds).^[1] The equivalent figure from the 2001 Census was 1,053,411 (1.8 per cent of the total UK population).^[27]

People born in India are the UK's largest foreign-born population, totalling an estimated 1,734,000 in 2013.^[28]

According to the 2011 census,^[29] the cities with the most Indian-born residents are London (262,247), Leicester (37,224), Birmingham (27,206), Sandwell (15,190), Wolverhampton (14,955).

Today there are considerable numbers of British Indians who have ancestry via the Caribbean, South and East Africa (including parts of the Ugandan British, Kenyan British and Tanzanian British communities) as well as the Pacific Islands.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Ethnicity

In the 2001 UK Census, Indians in the UK were most likely to have responded to code 41 - Indian or Indian British. Indian was one of only five sub categories in the UK census which represents a nation (along with Irish, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Chinese).

India is a diverse nation composed of many ethnic groups. This is reflected in the British Indian community although there are several ethnic groups that number considerably more than others.

Population distribution

The table below shows the dispersity of Indian people in the United Kingdom. The figures for all countries, regions, cities and boroughs are based on the 2011 census.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Communities

London

Indians number over half a million in London, which is the city's single largest non-white ethnic group. Indians have a significant impact on the culture of the British capital.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Within London, Southall, Hounslow, Brent, Croydon, Redbridge, Ealing, Barnet, Tooting, Harrow and Wembley, the latter of which is one of the few places outside India where Indians make up the largest ethnic group (almost 4 times larger than the indigenous White British population). There are more Indians in the British capital than in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Portugal combined. The Indian Overseas Congress UK is an organisation of the Indian diaspora in the UK, affiliated to the Indian National Congress (Congress (I)), and formed in 1969.

Leicester

Leicester is set to soon become the UK's first ethnic minority-majority city and Indians make up by far the largest ethnic group besides the White British. At 18.7% of the local population in 2009, Leicester has one of the highest percentages of Indians per head of the population of any local authority in the UK.^[34] According to the 2001 UK Census, 14.74% of Leicester's population were Hindu and 4.21% Sikh.^[35] Gujarati is the primary language of 16% of the city’s residents, 3% Punjabi and 2% Urdu. Other smaller but common language groups include Hindi and Bengali.^[36]

Overseas territories

There are Indian communities in the UK's overseas territories, such as the communities in Gibraltar, the Cayman Islands, Virgin Islands, Anguilla and Montserrat. The majority of the community in Gibraltar originated in Hyderabad, and came as merchants after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1870; many others migrated as workers after the closure of the frontier with Spain in 1969 to replace Spanish ones.^[37]

Religion

According to the 2011 Census, the religious breakdown of Indians in England and Wales can be seen in the table below.^[38] Although the plurality of British Indians are Hindu, the UK is home to the second largest Sikh community outside India.^[39]{{failed verification|date=May 2017}} Notable Hindu temples include BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London (the largest Hindu temple outside India), Bhaktivedanta Manor, Shree Jalaram Prarthana Mandal, Skanda Vale, Sree Ganapathy Temple, Wimbledon and Tividale Tirupathy Balaji Temple. Notable Gurdwaras in the country include: Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick and Guru Nanak Nishkam Sevak Jatha. There are also significant numbers of Muslim and Christian British Indians as well as Ravidassia community with their main temple (Bhawan) in Handsworth, Birmingham. One of the largest Christian British Indian community is that of Catholic Goans, mainly from East Africa, but also directly from Goa, and from Aden, Pakistan and the countries of the Persian Gulf. The UK is also home to one of the largest Ravidassia communities outside India; this was first recognised by 2011 Census.

Sikhs are also supporting separate Sikh monitoring in the 2011 census, Virendra Sharma MP met with representatives from the Sikh community to lobby parliament in November 2009 stating "It is vital that the Office for National Statistics recognise the importance of the Sikh community and provide this monitoring at the next Census".^[40]

Culture

Cuisine

Indian cuisine is extremely popular in the United Kingdom. The hybrid dish "Chicken tikka masala" always comes out on top as the UK's favourite meal^[41]^[42] The dish likely originated from the British Bangladeshi community which runs most Indian restaurants in the UK.^[42] There are around 9,000 Indian restaurants located across the UK, which equates to approximately one per 7,000 people.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The popularity of the Indian curry in the UK was mainly made by South Indians, Bangladeshi, and Punjabi restaurateurs, where 85 percent of Indian restaurants in the UK are in fact owned by Bangladeshi Sylheti Bengalis.^[43] Over 2 million Britons eat at Indian restaurants in the UK every week, with a further 3 million cooking at least one Indian based meal at home during the week.^[44]^[45] Veeraswamy, located on Regent Street in London, is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in the UK, having opened in 1926.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

Film and Television

The British Indian film industry is a successful enterprise,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} and over recent years,{{When|date=May 2013}} many British Indian actors have risen to prominence globally, particularly in Britain, India, and the US.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Notable films include Bend It Like Beckham, whose story revolves around British Indian life, and Slumdog Millionaire, a British drama film set in Mumbai starring British Indian actor Dev Patel in the lead role. The latter has won four Golden Globes, seven BAFTA Awards and eight Academy Awards. The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, a British film set in India, was nominated for two Golden Globes and one BAFTA, grossing US$31 million at the end of the UK run.^[46] Besides British-produced Indian-based films, there are many Bollywood productions which have been filmed in the UK, including Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Yaadein, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham and Jab Tak Hai Jaan. The following is a partial list of films and TV serials based on British Indian or British Asian life, British films shot in India or with an Indian theme or has British Indian actors:

Music

Indian influence on British popular music dates back to the development of raga rock by British rock bands such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones; several Beatles songs (such as "Within You Without You") also featured London-based Indian musicians.^[47] Today, British Indian musicians exist in almost every field and genre. However, there is an extremely large number of Bhangra artists that cement the UK as the stronghold of traditional Indian music outside India,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} although this is a Punjabi music mainly performed by the Sikh community. Notable British Indian Bhangra acts include Panjabi MC, Rishi Rich, Juggy D, Jay Sean, DCS, and Sukshinder Shinda. World-famous award-winning singer-songwriter Freddie Mercury (a former member of the rock band Queen) was born on the island of Zanzibar to Parsi parents, originally from the Gujarat area of India. Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara) and his family fled when he was 17 years old due to the Zanzibar Revolution; he remains not only one of the most famous British Indian musicians of all time, but one of the most famous British musicians. Other world-famous British Indian musicians include Biddu, who produced a number of worldwide disco hits such as "Kung Fu Fighting", one of the best-selling singles of all time having sold eleven million records worldwide,^[48]^[49] and Apache Indian, who also had worldwide hits such as "Boom Shack-A-Lak". Jay Sean, whose parents immigrated to the United Kingdom from the Punjab region, is the first solo British Asian artist to reach the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 with his single "Down" selling more than four million copies in the United States,^[50]^[51] making him "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history."^[52] Other contemporary British Indian singers include S-Endz and BRIT Award-nominated Nerina Pallot.

Television

Long-running British soap operas such as Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks have all had significant numbers of Indian characters, while shorter British series such as The Jewel in the Crown and Skins also feature British Indian characters. By far the most notable British Indian television shows are Goodness Gracious Me and The Kumars at No. 42, a talk show that stars many famous British Indian actors including Sanjeev Bhaskar, Meera Syal, Indira Joshi and Vincent Ebrahim. British Indian actors not only have a strong presence in the UK, but also in the United States, where Parminder Nagra, Naveen Andrews and Kunal Nayyar (who are all Britons of Indian origin) have found fame in ER, Lost, The Big Bang Theory and Desperate Housewives respectively, though Nagra is the only one to portray an actual British citizen of Indian descent. There are dozens of channels aimed at the British Indian community available on Satellite and Cable, which include:

Radio

The BBC Asian Network is a radio station available across the United Kingdom which is aimed predominantly at Britons of South Asian origin under 35 years of age. Besides this popular station there are only a few other national radio stations for or run by the British Indian community — including Sunrise and Yarr Radios. Regional British Indian stations include Asian Sound of Manchester, Hindu Sanskar and Sabras Radios of Leicester, Kismat Radio of London, Radio XL of Birmingham and Sunrise Radio Yorkshire based in Bradford (which itself has a much larger Pakistani than Indian community).

Social issues

Politics

British Indians have historically tended to vote for the Labour Party, due to strong links with local party branches and a degree of community voting, but it has been argued that the assimilation of younger British Indians and the consequent weakening of community bonds and parental political ties, this relationship has started to break down. The Conservative Party's modernisation and efforts to attract British Indian voters have also contributed to changing political affiliations.^[60]

The Ethnic Minority British Election Study estimated that 61 per cent of British Indians voted Labour in the 2010 general election, 24 per cent Conservative and 13 per cent Liberal Democrat.^[53] A report by the think tank Theos after the 2010 general election found that Labour had a 13 percentage point lead over the Conservatives amongst Hindus and 48.5 percentage points amongst Sikhs.^[54]

Academic research in the build-up to the 2015 general election indicated that 69 per cent of British Indians supported Labour and 24 per cent the Conservatives. ^[55] In 2015, the safest Conservative Party seat in the UK was given to a British Indian.^[56] A post-election survey by British Future found that, in 2015, 49 per cent of British Hindus and Sikhs voted Conservative and 41 per cent Labour.

A 2019 analysis by the Runnymede Trust estimated that, in the 2010 general election, 57 per cent of British Indians voted for the Labour Party and 30 per cent voted for the Conservative Party. In the 2015 general election, approximately 57.5 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour and 31 per cent voted for the Conservatives. In the 2017 general election, approximately 58 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour, while 40 per cent of British Indians voted for the Conservatives.^[57] According to the same report, British Indians were more likely than most other ethnic minorities to vote for Brexit, although 65 per cent to 67 per cent of British Indians voted to remain in the European Union.

Caste issues

A number of British Hindus and Sikhs still adhere to the caste system and still seek marriage with individuals who are of similar caste categories. There have been several incidents involving abuse of low caste British Hindus, known as Dalits, by higher caste individuals in schools and workplaces.^[58]^[59] However, other Hindus say that caste discrimination is a thing of the past in Britain, and that the Asian community has moved on.^[58]

Female foeticide

According to a study published by Oxford University 1500 girls are missing from birth records in England and Wales over a 15-year period from 1990 to 2005. The vast majority of the abortions are carried out in India reports suggest that abortions rejected on the NHS would force some British Indians to travel to India for the procedure. There have also been cases where British Indian doctors who would pass on details to their patients about clinics abroad which offer sex selective screening and abortion for women who have passed the 24-week abortion limit in the United Kingdom.^[60]^[61]^[62]

Discrimination

Discrimination against people of Indian origin in the United Kingdom is not completely widespread, but has been known to happen in certain instances.

Verbal discrimination has become somewhat more common after the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} even though extremists who committed these atrocities have little to nothing to do with the British Indian community.^[63] A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007 Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy which received significant media coverage. White contestants Jade Goody (who is mixed race), Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara were all seen to have been mocking Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty because of her accent. They also persisted in making fun of general parts of Indian culture. Channel 4 screened the arguments between the contestants, which received over 50,000 complaints. The controversy generated over 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in English language newspapers around the globe, 3,900 foreign language news articles, and 22,000 blog postings on the internet.^[64]

Another example of discrimination is the Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972 (a decision made by the President of Uganda to ethnically cleanse the country) which led to tens of thousands of East African Indians coming to the UK to start a new life, the majority of these already had British passports, due to Uganda at that time being part of the British Empire.

Other examples of discrimination towards British Indians in the mainstream population include the case of 27-year-old Chetankumar Meshram, a call centre trainer from Northampton who was compensated £5,000 after his boss told him he was to be replaced by a better English speaker.^[65] Also Meena Sagoo, 42 is demanding over £100,000 after she and a fellow employee of the ING Bank of Sri Lankan heritage were called The Kumars at No. 42 (after the popular TV comedy show of the same name). The same bank has been noted to have paid out £20,000 to a worker of Chinese origin who also claimed racial harassment.^[66]

Another form of discrimination towards British Indians is stereotyping, one example is British Asians stereotyped as being the majority of newsagent and convenience store shopkeepers, the stereotype "Paki shop"; and also making up a majority of doctors. This stereotype was made fun of in the television and radio sketches of Goodness Gracious Me by four British Indian comedy actors. In the comedy sketch Little Britain, a British Indian character called Meera continuously receives racist comments from weight loss advisor Marjorie Dawes who always makes it known that she does not understand a word of what Meera says, although it is completely obvious to the surrounding people and the viewer.

Economic status

A study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007 found that British Indians have among the lowest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain, second only to white British. Of the different ethnic groups, Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and black Africans (45%) had the highest poverty rates; black Caribbeans (30%), Indians (25%), white Other (25%) and white British (20%) had the lowest rates.^[67]

According to official UK Government figures from 2016, British Indians had the highest employment rate of all ethnic minorities at 73%; the overall employment rate in the UK is 74%, with the employment rate for White British people standing at 75%.^[68] The unemployment rate of British Indians was 5% in 2016, the lowest of all ethnic minorities. The overall unemployment rate in the UK in 2016 was 5%, with the unemployment rate for White British people standing at 4%.^[69]

The National Equality Panel report in 2012 found that British Indian households are second wealthiest among major British ethnic groups. Their total median wealth is about £204,000 coming close second to white British:^[71]

Among the working-age population, with pensions thus excluded, British Indians have the highest median total wealth at £178,980:^[72]

According to official figures, British Indians have the highest average pay levels in the UK among all ethnic groups:^[4]

UK Government figures also demonstrate that British Indians have the highest proportion of workers in professional and managerial occupations, out of all ethnic groups in the UK:^[7]

Education

According to official UK Government statistics, British Indian pupils have a high average level of academic performance. 77% of British Indian pupils attained A* to C grades in English and Maths in the 2015-16 academic year, second only to Chinese pupils, of whom 83% attained A* to C grades in English and Maths.^[73]

At A-Level, in the 2016-17 academic year, 15.3% of British Indian pupils achieved at least 3 'A' grades at A-Level, with only the Chinese ethnic group (24.8%) achieving the same benchmark at a higher rate.^[74]

Notable individuals

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=28 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|title=The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India|first1=Rupa|last1=Chanda|first2=Sriparna|last2=Ghosh|work=CARIM-India Research Report|issue=2013/08|publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute|year=2013|accessdate=22 July 2016|pages=2–3|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060809/http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6990253/John-Denhams-right-Its-class-not-race-that-determines-Britains-have-nots.html |title=It's class, not race, that determines Britain's have-nots |date=14 January 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=10 February 2011 |location=London |first=Andrew |last=Gilligan |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126182417/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6990253/John-Denhams-right-Its-class-not-race-that-determines-Britains-have-nots.html |archivedate=26 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^¹UK Government. [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Average Hourly Pay"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030429/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/average-hourly-pay/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}. Accessed 20th April 2018.
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/inequality-ethnicity-poverty-full.pdf | title=Inequality within ethnic groups | publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation | work=JRF programme paper: Poverty and ethnicity | date=May 2011 | accessdate=27 May 2012 | first=Lucinda | last=Platt | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021063107/http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/inequality-ethnicity-poverty-full.pdf | archivedate=21 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5fEzRWGM4C&pg=PA138|title=Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach|first1=Julie|last1=Beardwell|first2=Tim|last2=Claydon|date=15 June 2017|publisher=Prentice Hall/Financial Times|via=Google Books}}
7. ^¹UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420203019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest |date=20 April 2018 }}. Accessed 20th April 2018.
8. ^{{Cite book|title = Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC|publisher = Orient Blackswan|date = 2006-01-01|isbn = 9788178241548|language = en|first = Michael H.|last = Fisher}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|title=The Goan community of London|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080151/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600-1857|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-7824-154-4|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=lascars+1950s&source=bl&ots=OMFrPWk3Kd&sig=wkN8I58BhpOg76K1hYcROTt-VDQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX-ri9043LAhVBPxQKHaUUABIQ6AEILTAC#v=snippet&q=8%2C000&f=false|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
12. ^{{Cite book|title = Asians in Britain|last = Visram,|first = |publisher = |year = 2002|isbn = |location = |pages = 254–269}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title = Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-xCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=8,000+indians+lascar&source=bl&ots=vJS2llQ9CL&sig=AwOxqOEAt6Rn7eVm2bADAZsj5SI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAqcbDzo7LAhVMXRoKHb07CQcQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=8%252C000%2520indians%2520lascar&f=false|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-01-03|isbn = 9781136018244|language = en|first = Joya|last = Chatterji|first2 = David|last2 = Washbrook}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Curry house founder is honoured|date=29 September 2005|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|accessdate=2008-10-09|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|archivedate=1 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|title=Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=27|issue=2|year=2007|pages=303–314 [304–5]|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|title=The lascars' lot|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107035325/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|archivedate=7 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib1biOuITWAhUsKMAKHVVmCCgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=settled&f=false|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600 ...|last=INTRODUCTION page 1|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902230738/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib1biOuITWAhUsKMAKHVVmCCgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=settled&f=false|archivedate=2 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/CensusOfIndia1931/Census%20of%20India%201931#page/n97/mode/1up||title=Census Of India |year=1931|publisher=Government of India|editor-first1=J.H|editor-last1=Hutton|page=78}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT138&ots=W6kqi3lQvV&dq=british%20indians%20lascars&pg=PT138#v=snippet&q=estimated%20that%20there&f=false|title = Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|title=The National Archives {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Citizenship {{!}} Brave new world|website=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=2018-03-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121165123/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|archivedate=21 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}
21. ^{{Cite book|title = The Demographic Characteristics of Immigrant Populations|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mmaRpUa1oSoC|publisher = Council of Europe Publishing|date = 2002-01-01|isbn = 9789287149749|language = en|first = Werner|last = Haug|first2 = Paul|last2 = Compton|first3 = Youssef|last3 = Courbage}}
22. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GDMTeC_WB0oC&pg=PA23&dq=british+indians+1951 | title = Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure | isbn = 978-1-84277-449-6 | author1 = Abbas | first1 = Tahir | year = 2005}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT138&ots=W6kqi3lQvV&dq=british%20indians%20lascars&pg=PT138#v=snippet&q=estimated%20that%20there&f=false|title=Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|title=2001 Census and earlier - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-02|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055059/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|archivedate=4 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=15147 | title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) | publisher=Office for National Statistics | accessdate=26 December 2010 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20081014163800/www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=15147 | archivedate=14 October 2008 | df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion/2006-edition/focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion---focus-on-ethnicity-and-religion-2006---full-report.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020224514/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foer2006/FoER_Main.pdf|archivedate=20 October 2006|title=Focus On Ethnicity and Religion, 2006 edition|year=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=1403993289|editor-first1=Joy|editor-last1=Dobbs|editor-first2=Hazel|editor-last2=Green|editor-first3=Linda|editor-last3=Zealey|page=29}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|title=Focus on Ethnicity & Identity|publisher=for National Statistics|date=March 2005|accessdate=19 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122140/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|title=Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=28 August 2014|accessdate=6 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023303/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls|archivedate=7 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|title=2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=26 March 2013|accessdate=6 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|archivedate=5 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^{{cite news |last= Sonwalkar |first= Prasun |date= 12 July 2015 |title= Goans go British, thanks to Portugal citizenship law |url= http://m.hindustantimes.com/world/goans-go-british-thanks-to-portugal-citizenship-law/story-YX7rbze1B8HVrghR3KRCzM.html |work= Hindustan Times |location= India|access-date= 12 September 2017 }}
31. ^Coalition for Racial Equality and Rights Census 2011 Data Ethnicity by Local Authority Area {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215917/http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/Census2011LA.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, Accessed 30 January 2015
32. ^2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224143452/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=24 February 2016 }}, Accessed 30 January 2015
33. ^Group: KS201NI (administrative geographies) Census 2011 NISRA{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Accessed 30 January 2015
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|title=Check Browser Settings|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112857/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|title=Check Browser Settings|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101214/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |title=The Diversity of Leicester May 2008, A Demographic Profile |publisher=Leicester City Council |accessdate=2009-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034740/http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |archivedate=8 January 2009 |df=dmy }}
37. ^Archer, Edward G.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ip0C6odET4C&pg=PP1&dq=archer+identity+empire+gibraltar&ei=F2SrSsKWA6nEzgSMnfGsCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false Gibraltar, identity and empire], page 45. Routledge Advances in European Politics.
38. ^¹DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion (Excel sheet 21Kb) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123221517/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls |date=23 January 2016 }} ONS. 2015-09-15. Retrieved on 2016-01-14.
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318934.stm|title=British Sikhs mark 300 years|publisher=BBC News|date=14 April 1999|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106075818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318934.stm|archivedate=6 January 2004|df=dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.virendrasharma.com/virendra-sharma-mp-supports-sikh-monitoring-in-2011-census |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717213947/http://www.virendrasharma.com/virendra-sharma-mp-supports-sikh-monitoring-in-2011-census |archivedate=17 July 2011 |df=dmy }}
41. ^Lloyd, J and Mitchinson, J. The Book of General Ignorance. Faber & Faber, 2006.
42. ^¹{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |title=From Bangladesh to Brick Lane |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=21 July 2002 |date=21 June 2002 |location=London |first=Audrey |last=Gillan |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826041457/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |archivedate=26 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
43. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh From Bangladesh to Brick Lane] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925212741/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/21/religion.bangladesh |date=25 September 2015 }} Guardian (Friday 21 June).
44. ^Indian restaurants in the UK {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304015015/http://punjab.co.uk/content/view/6/8/ |date=4 March 2009 }}
45. ^Indian cuisine and eating in the UK {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214180937/http://www.j-tull.com/musicians/iananderson/indian.html |date=14 February 2009 }}
46. ^{{cite web|first=David|last=Gritten|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|title='Best Exotic Marigold Hotel': From Pleasant Surprise to Box Office Phenomenon|work=Indiewire|date=2 May 2012|accessdate=28 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404193834/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|archivedate=4 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
47. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TBkf1ttNBYC&pg=PA259&dq=Mike+Leander++sgt+pepper&hl=en&ei=zmZSTaikBNSxhQfm95COCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mike%20Leander%20%20sgt%20pepper&f=false |title=The Beatles Diary: The Beatles years|author=Barry Miles, Keith Badman |page=259 |publisher=Omnibus Press, 2001 |accessdate=9 February 2011 }}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Biddu|author=James Ellis|work=Metro|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|accessdate=2011-04-17|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|archivedate=2 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}
49. ^{{cite news|date=August 20, 2004|title=It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it|author=Malika Browne|work=The Sunday Times|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article471655.ece|accessdate=2011-05-30|location=London}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Searchable Database |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |accessdate=21 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archivedate=26 June 2007 |df=dmy }}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009's Top-Selling Album|author=Keith Caulfield|work=Billboard|date=January 6, 2010|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|accessdate=2009-01-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427000452/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|archivedate=27 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}
52. ^{{cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |title=British R&B star conquers America |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2009-10-08 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926060623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |archivedate=26 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|title=Ethnic Minority British Election Study – Key Findings|publisher=Runnymede Trust|first1=Anthony|last1=Heath|first2=Omar|last2=Khan|date=February 2012|accessdate=16 June 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601050142/http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|archivedate=1 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}
54. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/general-election-2017-jeremy-corbyn-labour-party-british-indian-voters-modi-a7742251.html|title=The Conservatives have stolen the British Indian vote from Labour – here's how|first=Rakib|last=Ehsan|work=The Independent|date=18 May 2017|accessdate=19 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625182732/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/general-election-2017-jeremy-corbyn-labour-party-british-indian-voters-modi-a7742251.html|archivedate=25 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}
55. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|title=Will British Indians remain with Labour?|first=Vidya|last=Ram|work=The Hindu|date=26 April 2017|accessdate=16 June 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514150201/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|archivedate=14 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/safest-tory-seat-in-britain-no-campaign-and-no-suspense-1.2199735|title=Safest Tory seat in Britain: no campaign and no suspense|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141047/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/safest-tory-seat-in-britain-no-campaign-and-no-suspense-1.2199735|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}
57. ^Martin N, Khan O. "Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election" ([https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/2017%20Election%20Briefing.pdf PDF]), Runnymede Trust, February 2019.
58. ^¹{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm | work=BBC News | title=British Hindus divided by caste | date=2007-12-21 | accessdate=2010-04-27 | first=Naresh | last=Puri | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223151940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm | archivedate=23 February 2009 | df=dmy-all }}
59. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 | work=BBC News | title=Low caste Hindus 'abused' | date=2007-12-21 | accessdate=2010-04-27 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923140448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 | archivedate=23 September 2011 | df=dmy-all }}
60. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm | work=BBC News | title=UK Indian women 'aborting girls' | date=2007-12-03 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm | archivedate=17 February 2009 | df=dmy-all }}
61. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1276902/Britains-hidden-gendercide-How-Britains-Asians-copying-Indian-cousins-aborting-girls.html#comments | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first=Kishwar | last=Desai | title=Britain's hidden gendercide: How Britain's Asians are copying Indian cousins and aborting girls | date=2010-05-11 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120908211234/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1276902/Britains-hidden-gendercide-How-Britains-Asians-copying-Indian-cousins-aborting-girls.html%23comments#comments | archivedate=7 February 2011 | df=dmy-all }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk|title=Desperate British Asians fly to India to abort baby girls|first=Dan|last=McDougall|date=21 January 2006|publisher=|via=The Guardian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk|archivedate=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html|title=Profiles of the 4 bombers who killed 52 people in London on 7/7|author=|date=6 July 2015|website=independent.co.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329061327/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html|archivedate=29 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}
64. ^{{cite news|title=Racial Subplot on British ‘Big Brother’ Grabs Nation and Ratings|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|author=Alan Cowell|publisher=The New York Times|date=2007-01-21|accessdate=2007-01-21|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021847/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe|archivedate=16 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html|title=British-Indian call centre worker wins racial discrimination case|work=Thaindian News|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164106/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/|title=British Indian woman slams racism case against ING bank|work=C.A.R.D|accessdate=18 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718091927/http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/|archivedate=18 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|title=Poverty rates among ethnic groups in Great Britain|publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation|date=April 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121101819/http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|archivedate=21 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}
68. ^UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Employment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030909/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}. Accessed 20th April 2018.
69. ^UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Unemployment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031254/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}. Accessed 20th April 2018.
70. ^{{cite web |title = An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK |work = Report of the National Equality Panel |publisher = The London School of Economics — The Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion |date = 2010-01-29 |url = http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 2010-02-01 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215031659/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |archivedate = 15 February 2010 |df = dmy-all}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |title=An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK |publisher=Office for National Statistics |page=208 |date=January 2012 |accessdate=4 October 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905190842/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf |archivedate=5 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
72. ^Rowlingson K. [https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf "Wealth inequality: key facts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808083550/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}, Policy Commission on the Distribution of Wealth, December 2012. Accessed April 20th 2018.
73. ^UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: A* to C in English and Maths GCSE attainment for children aged 14 to 16 (Key Stage 4)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030933/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}, Accessed 20th April 2018.
74. ^UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: Students aged 16 to 18 achieving 3 A grades or better at A Level"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195121/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest|date=15 October 2018 }}. Accessed 15th October 2018.