| 词条 | Brewster Kahle |
| 释义 |
| name = Brewster Kahle | image = Brewster Kahle 2009.jpg | image_size = frameless | alt = Brewster Kahle in 2009 | caption = Kahle in 2009 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|10|22}}[1] | birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S. | residence = San Francisco, California, U.S. | alma mater = Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS) | employer = Internet Archive, Electronic Frontier Foundation | occupation = Digital librarian Computer engineer Internet entrepreneur | known_for = Development of WAIS Co-founder of Alexa Internet Founder of Internet Archive | spouse = Mary Austin | children = Caslon and Logan[1] | module = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Brewster Kahle - voice - en.flac |title =Brewster Kahle introducing himself |type = speech |description = recorded April 2015}} }}Brewster Kahle ({{IPAc-en|k|eɪ|l}} {{respell|KAYL|'}};[2] born October 22, 1960)[3] is an American computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, internet activist, advocate of universal access to all knowledge, and digital librarian.[4] Kahle founded the Internet Archive and Alexa. In 2012 he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[5] BiographyKahle grew up in Scarsdale, New York, and went to Scarsdale High School. His father was a mechanical engineer.[6] He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.[8][7] The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence; he studied under Marvin Minsky and W. Daniel Hillis.[8] After graduation, he joined Thinking Machines team, where he was the lead engineer on the company's main product, the Connection Machine, for six years (1983–1989).{{cn|date=January 2019}} There, he and others developed the WAIS system, the first Internet distributed search and document retrieval system, a precursor to the World Wide Web. In 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. (sold to AOL in 1995 for $15 million), and, in 1996, Alexa Internet[9] (sold to Amazon.com in 1999). At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, which he continues to direct. In 2001, he implemented the Wayback Machine, which allows public access to the World Wide Web archive that the Internet Archive has been gathering since 1996. Kahle was inspired to create the Wayback Machine after visiting the offices of Alta Vista, where he was struck by the immensity of the task being undertaken and achieved: to store and index everything that was on the Web. Kahle states: "I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, and there was an 'aha moment' that said, 'You can do everything.'{{-"}}[10] Kahle is a member of the Internet Hall of Fame, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, the European Archive (now Internet memory) and the Television Archive. He is a member of the advisory board of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress, and is a member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for Cyberinfrastructure. In 2010 he was given an honorary doctorate in computer science from Simmons College, where he studied library science in the 1980s. Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, run the Kahle/Austin Foundation. The Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for its GNU project,[11] among other projects, with a total giving of about 4.5 million dollars in 2011.[12] In 2012, Kahle and banking veteran Jordan Modell established Internet Archive Federal Credit Union to serve people in New Brunswick, N.J. and Highland Park, New Jersey, as well as participants in programs that alleviate poverty in those areas.[13] The credit union voluntarily liquidated in 2015.[14] Digitization advocacyKahle has been critical of Google's book digitization, especially of Google's exclusivity in restricting other search engines' digital access to the books they archive. In a 2011 talk Kahle described Google's 'snippet' feature as a means of tip-toeing around copyright issues, and expressed his frustration with the lack of a decent loaning system for digital materials. He said the digital transition has moved from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from "ruled by law" to "ruled by contract". Kahle stated that even public-domain material published before 1923, and not bound by copyright law, is still bound by Google's contracts and requires permission to be distributed or copied. Kahle reasoned that this trend has emerged for a number of reasons: distribution of information favoring centralization, the economic cost of digitizing books, the issue of library staff without the technical knowledge to build these services, and the decision of the administrators to outsource information services.[15] Kahle advocated in 2009: It's not that expensive. For the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation. Through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Kennedy should be able to find books from many libraries, and many booksellers—and not be limited to one private library whose titles are available for a fee, controlled by a corporation that can dictate what we are allowed to read.[16] Other benefits of digitizationIn 1997 Kahle explained that apart from the value for historians' use of these digital archives, they might also help resolve some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to "404 Document not found" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trustworthy, and maintaining navigation to aid in finding related content. Kahle also explained the importance of packaging enough meta-data (information about the information) into the archive, since we don't know what future researchers will be interested in, and that it might be more problematic to find data than to preserve it.[17] Physical media"Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle said in 2011. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMS, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisioned collecting one physical copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. "We want to see books live forever." Pointing out that even digital books have a physical home on a hard drive somewhere, he sees saving the physical artifacts of information storage as a way to hedge against the uncertainty of the future. (Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.) He began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units. Each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. As of 2011, Kahle had gathered about 500,000 books. He thinks the warehouse is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, not to be loaned out but to be used to verify contents recorded in another medium. Book preservation experts commented he'll have to contend with vermin and about a century's worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that disintegrates over time because of its own acidity. Peter Hanff, acting director of the Bancroft Library, the special collections and rare books archive at the University of California, Berkeley, said that just keeping the books on the west coast of the US will save them from the climate fluctuations that are the norm in other parts of the country.[18]Awards and appointments
Publications{{external links|section|date=April 2017}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Archiving-the-Internet-Brewster-Kahle-makes-3006888.php|title=Archiving the Internet / Brewster Kahle makes digital snapshots of Web|work=SFGate|date=1999-05-07|accessdate=2016-01-29}} 2. ^Schwartz, John, [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/29/technology/ebusiness/29NECO.html "Page by Page History of the Web"], The New York Times, October 29, 2001 3. ^1 Alexa Internet profile {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045807/http://www.juggle.com/alexa-internet |date=2011-07-17 }}, via juggle.com. accessed November 24, 2010 4. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Brewster-Kahle-s-Internet-Archive-3946898.php |title=Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=October 13, 2012 |accessdate=October 13, 2012 |author=Benny Evangelista}} 5. ^1 2012 Inductees, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed September 26, 2017 6. ^A Library as Big as the World, Retrieved January 5, 2015. 7. ^Internet Nostalgia | MIT Admissions MIT Admissions. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 8. ^1 About Brewster Kahle's Blog. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 9. ^{{cite news|last=Kellogg|first=Carolyn|title=Archiving every book ever published|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/08/archiving-every-book-ever-published.html|accessdate=18 August 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 5, 2011}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=TONG|first=JUDY|title=RESPONSIBLE PARTY – BREWSTER KAHLE; A Library Of the Web, On the Web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/business/responsible-party-brewster-kahle-a-library-of-the-web-on-the-web.html|accessdate=18 August 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 8, 2002}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/thankgnus/2011supporters.html |title=Thank GNUs 2011 |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date= |accessdate=January 19, 2012}} 12. ^Form 990 data from http://fdo.foundationcenter.org/grantmaker-profile?key=KAHL009 13. ^{{cite news|last=Morrison|first=David|title=Internet Pioneer, Former Banker Behind Newest CU|newspaper=Credit Union Times|url=http://www.cutimes.com/2012/09/02/newest-credit-union-backed-by-internet-pioneer|date=September 5, 2012|page=3}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Strozniak|first1=Peter|title=Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates|url=http://www.cutimes.com/2015/12/18/death-of-a-credit-union-internet-archive-fcu-volun?eNL=56744103160ba0fc50433aca|accessdate=18 December 2015|work=Credit Union Times|date=December 18, 2015}} 15. ^{{cite video| people = Brewster Kahle| title = Brewster Kahle's Michigan Talk| url = https://archive.org/details/BrewsterKahlesMichiganTalk| format = SWF FLV FLASH OGG MPEG4 WMA WindowsMedia| medium = Videotape| publisher = si.umich.edu| location = Ann Arbor, MI at the John Seely Brown Symposium| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110818144414/http://www.archive.org/details/BrewsterKahlesMichiganTalk| archivedate = August 18, 2011| accessdate = August 18, 2011| deadurl = yes| df = }} 16. ^{{cite journal| last = Singel| first = Ryan| title = Stop the Google Library, Net’s Librarian Says| url = https://www.wired.com/2009/05/stop-the-google-library-nets-librarian-says/| accessdate = 18 August 2011| journal = Wired| date = May 19, 2009}} 17. ^{{cite web| last = Kahle| first = Brewster| title = Archiving the Internet| url = http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html| publisher = Scientific American – March 1997 issue| accessdate = 19 August 2011}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle |title=Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book |accessdate=22 August 2012 |author= |date=1 August 2011 |format=news |work=culture |publisher=The Guardian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6A683xLKE?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle |archivedate=2012-08-22 |quote=Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book |deadurl=yes |df= }} 19. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20110404184316/http://www.educause.edu/Professional+Development/PaulEvanPetersAwardWinnersspan/PaulEvanPeters2004AwardWinner/1514 "Paul Evan Peters 2004 Award Winner: Brewster Kahle"], EduCause.edu 20. ^"50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World", Utne Reader, November–December 2009 21. ^"Current Honorary Degree Recipients: Spring 2010 Convocation" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221418/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/nav02.cfm?nav02=70455&nav01=12498 |date=2011-11-28 }}, University of Alberta 22. ^Zoia_Horn_Intellectual_Freedom_Award {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120235520/http://cla-net.org/awards/zoia.php |date=2010-11-20 }} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.archive.org/2011/01/04/brewster-kahle-receives-the-zoia-horn-intellectual-freedom-award|title=Brewster Kahle receives the Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2013/05/brewster-kahle-be-honored-2013-litalibrary-hi-tech-award|title=Brewster Kahle to be Honored with 2013 LITA/Library Hi Tech Award|first=|last=JCARMICHAEL|date=14 May 2013|publisher=}} External links{{Commons category|Brewster Kahle}}{{wikiquote}}
17 : Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|1960 births|Living people|American Internet celebrities|American technology company founders|Businesspeople in information technology|Intellectual property activism|American computer businesspeople|Philanthropists from New York (state)|Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni|People from Scarsdale, New York|Businesspeople from San Francisco|Internet Archive collectors|Access to Knowledge activists|Scarsdale High School alumni|Articles containing video clips|Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering |
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