| 词条 | Brujería |
| 释义 |
}} {{lang|es|Brujería}} is the Spanish-language word for "witchcraft". People of both sexes can practice; men are called {{lang|es|brujo(s)}}, women are called {{lang|es|bruja(s)}}. EtymologyThere is no sound etymology for this word, which appears only in Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, and Galician (other Romance languages use words derived from Latin {{lang|la|strix}}, {{lang|la|-igis}}, originally an owl). The word may be inherited from a Celtiberian substrate or it may derive from the Latin {{lang|la|plusscius}}, {{lang|la|-a}}, {{lang|la|-um}} (> {{wikt-lang|la|plūs}} + {{wikt-lang|la|scius}}),[1] a hapax attested in the Cena Trimalchionis, a central part in Petronius's Satyricon,[2] and meaning roughly "that knows a lot".[3] {{lang|la|Pluscia}} could have arisen from rhotacization of the {{IPAslink|l}} and voicing of the {{IPAslink|p}}, {{lang|la|pluscia}} > pruscia > bruscia > {{wikt-lang|pt|bruxa}} ({{abbr|Port.|Portuguese}}) > {{wikt-lang|es|bruja}} ({{abbr|Sp.|Spanish}}).[4] ConceptAcross the Afro-Latin diaspora, many forms of spiritual practices have emerged: Haitian Vodou, Cuban Santería, and Brazilian Candomblé and Umbanda. However, what sets Brujería in Puerto Rico apart is the unique blend of “religiosity and spiritualized materialism”[5] Isabelo Zenón Cruz made the assessment that Puerto Rican vernacular religions (and really any Afro-Latino religions) have been only studied by folklorists but not comparative religionists due to “classist and racist assumptions”[5] Unlike many other Caribbean religions that derive from Africa, Brujería is not based on stable community, hierarchy, or membership. Instead, practices are more dependent on the ritual preferences of the actual participants. Because of the spontaneity of the spirits, it is impossible for institutionalized doctrines of worships to be enforced on followers and practicers of Brujería.[6] Within sacred altars of brujos, lessons of practitioners, and brujería rituals lies ties to African ideologies, Catholicism, and Spiritism; explaining the erasure of hierarchical order.[5] Before Spiritism was developed, Taíno Indians and African slaves in Puerto Rico developed the convictions that there exists spirits and those spirits can be communicated with. This becomes mixed with the convictions of spiritual worship introduced by Catholic colonizers. Early leaders of Spiritism found interest in Brujería amongst liberal, emancipation minded groups in the late nineteenth century; begging the interest for further research of the correlation between politics and Brujería.[5] OriginsEarly Brujería can be traced back as far as the 1500s when the archbishop of Santo Domingo and fifth bishop of Puerto Rico, Nicolás Ramos, recorded his recollections of ‘black brujos [male and female] who engaged with the devil in the shape of a goat and, every night in front of this goat, cursed God, Santa María, and the sacraments of the Holy Church.’’ Ramos wrote, ‘‘[A]sserting that they did not have nor believe in a god other than that devil…they performed these rituals in some fields [apparently they were in a trance] ,…not in dreams since there were some people who saw them.’’ These people, Ramos continues, ‘‘tried to make them [the sorcerers] refrain from their doings through chanting and holy gifts [ dádivas ], and with all this [information they] came to me.’” This perpetual demonization of elements of African worship set up the forefront to the centuries of demonization of Brujería practices.[5] From the sixteenth to the subsequent eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, slaves were shipped from Africa to Puerto Rico and Hispaniola and were forced to convert to Christianity by the imposing church and the overseeing hacendados—land owners. Branded slaves were baptized to be fully recognized as the property of hacendados.[5] In the late 1800s to early 1900s during the early days of American occupation within Cuba, there were established attacks to undermine the legitimacy of several Afro-Cuban institutions and organizations— including Brujería.[7] With the growth of a single Cuban identity came a greater appreciation for conformity and deviation from “creolised manifestations”. However, the declination of faith-based practices in Cuba due to the rise in Marxism from 1959 to the 1990s lead to practitioners of Afro-Cuban religions to have to find innovative ways to survive Castro’s political informants that particularly called for the suppression of witchcraft and Brujería.[7] The introduction of Spiritism in the twentieth century attracted more participants of all racial backgrounds: black, white, and mulatto. It also added new foundations of practice and ritualistic objects such as: santiguos (healing blessings), 19 despojos (spiritual cleansings), prayers, and spells; and an array of indigenous, medieval Catholic, and African offerings.[5] Modernization of BrujeríaDespite Brujería inheriting traits from Catholicism, there has been a long history of the Catholic Church demonizing Brujería, referring to it as "evil, Satanism", or the "workings of the devil". That being said, with the increasing rate of persecution amongst practitioners since colonization of the Afro-Latino Caribbean, Brujería has been forced into modernization to combat erasure.[5] As separatist ideals begin to gain more momentum, particularly in Puerto Rico, there becomes more clings to cultural nationalism— including clings to aspects of Afro-Boricua and Taíno folklore. Previously (1950s–1960s), journalists in the island denounced Brujería as a way to help “educate the masses”. However, the shift in cultural nationalism from the 1980s onwards now leads to media outlets uncovering “hidden traditions” of the “endangered Puerto Rican Hispanic, Taíno, and African traditions”[5] Romberg argues the practice of modern day Brujería as "the vernacular co-optation of discourses of interest and passions, of consumerism and spirituality, commodity fetishism and morality, and welfare capitalism and magic". And also reveals that despite misconceptions, Brujería builds to social order through both “holistic or individualized types of intervention” and endorsement of positive “mainstream social values”.[5] PracticeBrujería doesn’t participate in community, hierarchical, or initiation-based practice or membership. Rituals are interdependent on the procedures, practices, and attitudes passed down by its participants and heavily depend on forces of nature and the spontaneity of the spirits. Following specific guidelines and doctrines in Brujería is impossible.[6] However, some commonalities include basic ritual gestures, communication during divination, possession, and specific components of altars. These similarities are often referred to as “a kind of spiritual lingua franca” which explains the ubiquity of the practice cross the Afro-Latino and Non-Afro-Latino diaspora.[6] In practice, brujos stress to not believe in the ritualistic objects or hold too much pertinence in the material representations of the spiritual entities, but rather focus on the messages and “powers of the entities that inhabit these icons”[5] Power is sensed and manifested when the voices of Spiritist entities, Santería orishas, and the recently deceased are brought on by “Brujería rituals, divination, trance and the making of magic works”. The spirits abstract means of revelation include through emotions, through senses, and through healings as a means to transform the “emotional, proprioceptive and (to some extent) physiological states of participants”[6] Whereas a lot of focus within the practice of Brujería is on the technological systems, Brujería focuses a lot on interpersonal client-patient power that “emerges during healing, divination and magic rituals challenges the assumed precondition”;[6] specifically in regards to health, labor, family relations, and even career management.[5] Brujos and practitioners of Brujería never question the belief of the spirits. The performative methods of surrenderance training is the only lessons brujos aim to be taught. The expectation is to have faith in the spirits and the spirits will theatrically reveal what is needed to be revealed.[6] In popular culture
See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Oxford Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1968 }} 2. ^"{{lang|la|sunt mulieres plusciae, sunt nocturnae}}", 63.9 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Olivetti |first=Enrico |entry=Plusscius |encyclopedia=Latin–English Dictionary |publisher=Olivetti Media Communication |url=http://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/latin-english-dictionary.php?lemma=PLUSSCIUS100/ }} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Said |title=Investigações Filológicas |year=1975 |page=275 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite book|title=Witchcraft and Welfare: Spiritual Capital and the Business of Magic in Modern Puerto Rico|last=Romberg|first=Raquel|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|last=Romberg|first=Raquel|date=2012|title=Sensing the Spirits: The Healing Dramas and Poetics of Brujería Rituals|url=|journal=Anthropologica|volume=54|pages=211–25|via=Wilifrid Laurier University Press}} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Afro-Caribbean Religions an Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions|last=Murrell|first=Nathaniel Samuel|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}} Sources
Further reading
1 : Witchcraft |
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