| 词条 | Bridget Bishop |
| 释义 |
| name = Bridget Bishop | other names = Wasselbe, Wasselby, Waselby, Waselby, Wasselbee, Wesselbee, Mangus, Manges, Hayfer; Goody Oliver, Goody Bishop | image = File:Bridget Bishop.jpg | alt = Bridget Bishop, as depicted in a lithograph | caption = Bishop, as depicted in a lithograph | birth_name = Bridget Playfer | birth_date = c. 1632 | birth_place = England | death_date = 10 June 1692 (aged 59 or 60) | death_place = Salem, Colony of Massachusetts | nationality = English | occupation = Housewife | criminal_charge = Witchcraft, Conspiracy with the Devil (rehabilitated) | criminal_penalty = Execution by hanging | criminal_status = Vacated }} Bridget Bishop (c. 1632 – 10 June 1692) was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. Altogether, about 72 people were accused and tried, while 19 others were executed. Bishop may have been accused because she stood to inherit from her deceased husband. She was said to own a tavern in her home, where shuffleboard was played and minors were served. She deliberately dressed differently, in a trademark red tunic, and was very outspoken.[1] Recent historical interpretationOne interpretation of the historical record suggests that she was a resident of Salem Town and thus not the tavern owner. Perhaps she did not know her accusers. This would be supported in her deposition in Salem Village before the authorities stating, "I never saw these persons before, nor I never was in this place before."[2] The indictments against her clearly note that she was from "Salem"[3] which meant Salem Town, as other indictments against residents of Salem Village specified their locations as such.[4] She was often confused with Sarah Bishop, one of the other accused during the Salem trial.[5] Traditional historical interpretation{{Quote|text=“'Goodwife Bishop her Neighb'r wife of Edw: Bishop Jun'r might not be permitted to receive the Lords Supper in our church till she had given her the said Trask satisfaction for some offences that were against her .viz because the said Bishop did entertaine people in her house at unseasonable houres in the night to keep drinking and playing at shovel-board whereby discord did arise in other families & young people were in danger to bee corrupted & that the s'd Trask knew these things & had once gon into the house & fynding some at shovel-board had taken the of peices thay played with & thrown them into the fyre & had reprooved the said Bishop for promoting such disorders, But received no satisfaction from her about it”|author=John Hawthorn and Jonath Corwin|source=Bridget Bishop Executed, June 10, 1692: The Examination of Bridget Byshop at Salem Village 19. Apr. 1692 [6]}}FamilyBridget's maiden name appears to have been Mangus or Playfer. She was married three or an undocumented four times. She married her first husband Captain Samuel Wesselby on 13 April 1660, at St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, Norwich, Norfolk, England.[7] She had only one son and one daughter from her first marriage, Benjamin[8] and Mary[9] She had another daughter from her marriage to Thomas Oliver, Christian Oliver (sometimes spelled Chrestian), born 8 May 1667.[10] Her second marriage, on 26 July 1666,[11] was to Thomas Oliver, a widower and prominent businessman. She was earlier accused of bewitching Thomas Oliver to death, but was acquitted for lack of evidence. Her last marriage c. 1687 was to Edward Bishop, a prosperous sawyer, whose family lived in Beverly.[12] Nature of allegationsBishop was accused of bewitching five young women, Abigail Williams, Ann Putnam, Jr., Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Elizabeth Hubbard, on the date of her examination by the authorities, 19 April 1692. A record was given of her trial by Cotton Mather in "The Wonders of the Invisible World." In his book, Mather recorded that several people testified against Bishop, stating that the shape of Bishop would pinch, choke or bite them. The shape also threatened to drown one victim if she did not write her name in a certain book. During the trial, anytime Bishop would look upon one of those supposed to be tortured by her, they would be immediately struck down and only her touch would revive them. More allegations were made during the trial including that of a woman saying that the apparition of Bishop tore her coat, upon further examination her coat was found to be torn in the exact spot. Mather mentions that the truth of these many accusations carried too much suspicion, however.[13] William Stacy, a middle aged man in Salem Town, testified that Bishop had previously made statements to him that other people in the town considered her to be a witch. He confronted her with the allegation that she was using witchcraft to torment him, which she denied. Another local man, Samuel Shattuck, accused Bishop of bewitching his child and also of striking his son with a spade. He also testified that Bishop asked him to dye lace, which apparently was too small to be used on anything but a poppet (doll used in spell-casting). John and William Bly, father and son, testified about finding poppets in Bishop's house and also about their cat that appeared to be bewitched, or poisoned, after a dispute with Bishop. Other victims of Bishop, as recorded by Mather, include Deliverance Hobbs, John Cook, Samuel Gray, Richard Coman, and John Louder.[14] During her sentencing, a jury of women found a third nipple upon Bishop (then considered a sure sign of witchcraft), yet upon a second examination the nipple was not found. In the end Mather states that the biggest thing that condemned Bishop was the gross amount of lying she committed in court. According to Mather, "there was little occasion to prove the witchcraft, it being evident and notorious to all beholders."[13] Bishop was sentenced to death and hanged.[15][16] Before she took her final breath she said:"You will keep silent." References1. ^http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/wiccanpaganhistory/p/Bridget_Bishop.htm for an example of this historical research. 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BoySal1.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/oldsalem&tag=public&part=29&division=div2 |title=The Salem witchcraft papers, Volume 1 : verbatim transcripts of the legal documents of the Salem witchcraft outbreak of 1692/edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum |publisher=Etext.virginia.edu |accessdate=2 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222133126/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BoySal1.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Foldsalem&tag=public&part=29&division=div2 |archivedate=22 December 2014 |df=dmy }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BoySal1.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/oldsalem&tag=public&part=32&division=div2 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120712053424/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=BoySal1.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/oldsalem&tag=public&part=32&division=div2 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=The Salem witchcraft papers, Volume 1 : verbatim transcripts of the legal documents of the Salem witchcraft outbreak of 1692/edited by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum |publisher=Etext.virginia.edu |accessdate=2 June 2011 }} 4. ^See the indictment against Sarah Good, a resident of Salem Village{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/salem-story/june-10-1692/8C649858DE6C4B5FD493F54E2CB1E9D9 6. ^[https://archive.org/stream/storyofbattlenew00arth#page/96/mode/2up Bridget Bishop Executed, June 10, 1692: 'The Examination of Bridget Byshop at Salem Village 19. Apr. 1692', by John Hauthorn & Jonath Corwin Esq'rs.] 7. ^Anderson, Robert Charles. "Bridget (Mangus) (Playfer) (Wasselbe) (Oliver) Bishop", The American Genealogist (October 1989), 64: 207. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QfwnAQAAMAAJ&dq=playfer+genealogy&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=wasselbeeThe American Genealogist] 8. ^"England Deaths and Burials, 1538–1991" (Benjamin Waselby), Middlesex, England; Burial Date:26 Sep 1664. 9. ^"Massachusetts Births and Christenings, 16391915", Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts; 10 January 1665. 10. ^Vital Records of the Town of Salem, Volume 1, Births, Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1916. 11. ^Vital Records of the Town of Salem. Salem, MA: Essex Institute. 1924. 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNYyMV_huGAC|title=Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692|last=Rosenthal|first=Bernard|date=29 September 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521558204|language=en}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|last=Mather|first=Cotton|title=The Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in New-England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hjcroqWQ1AC&pg=PA129|accessdate=8 June 2018|year=1862|publisher=John Russell Smith|pages=129–130}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMDabpjdotYC|title=Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England: A Documentary History 1638–1693, Second Edition|last=Hall|first=David D.|date=4 February 2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822336138|language=en}} 15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snH_ra8KCAIC|title=Events that Changed America Through the Seventeenth Century|last=Findling|first=John E.|last2=Thackeray|first2=Frank W.|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313290831|language=en}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title=The Satan Seller|last=Warnke|first=Mike|publisher=Logos International|year=1972|isbn=0-912106-79-4|location=|pages=91|quote="A witch with a long family tree. An ancestor of hers by the same name was hanged there June 10, 1692, but don't sweat it, Mike, they don't do that anymore."|via=}} Further reading{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
13 : 1630s births|1692 deaths|People of the Salem witch trials|American people executed for witchcraft|People executed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay|Executed English women|People executed by the Thirteen Colonies by hanging|People executed by Massachusetts by hanging|Executed English people|17th-century executions of American people|17th-century executions by England|Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies|Lynching deaths |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。