| 词条 | Buffalo Hump |
| 释义 |
| name = Buffalo Hump Potsʉnakwahipʉ | image = | caption = | birth_date = 1790s to early 1800s | birth_place = Edwards Plateau, Texas | death_date = c. 1865/1870 | death_place = Fort Sill, Oklahoma| other_names = | known_for = Comanche leader | occupation = medicine man }} Buffalo Hump (Comanche potsʉnakwahipʉ "buffalo bull's back") (born ca. late 1790s to early 19th century — died 1870) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanche Indians. He came to prominence after the Council House Fight when he led the Comanches on the Great Raid of 1840. Early lifeLittle is known of Buffalo Hump's early life: his youth and training as a warrior, together with his cousin Yellow Wolf (Isaviah, sometimes reported as Sabaheit, alias Small Wolf), went on under their uncle, Spirit Talker,’s influence and their ”cursus honorum” was in its full development during the Mexican domination on Texas. In 1829 Buffalo Hump and, presumably, Yellow Wolf led their warriors northward, to recover a large herd of horses stolen by a Cheyenne party, so the young Penateka braves proved theirselves against these northern enemies, like their Yamparika (among whom Parra-wasamen, alias Ten Bears, was consolidating his leadership), Nokoni (among whom Huupi-pahati, alias Tall Tree, was growing to become the principal chief), Kotsoteka (among wohm Tawaquenah, alias Big Eagle or Sun Eagle, was the chief leader and Wulea-boo, alias Shaved Head, likely an heir to old-times Halisane, was increasing his chieftainship) and Kwahadi (among whom was starring Pohebits-quasho, alias Iron Jaket, likely heir to old-times Camisa-de-Hierro) relatives were accustomed already, just as were accustomed their Kiowa allies; the Penateka party came on a Cheyenne village near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent’s Corral (Huerfano River), and stormed the whole herd of horses, but another Cheyenne party of about 20 warriors, equipped with some rifles, led by the famous chief Ohkohmkhowais (Yellow Wolf the Cheyenne)stole back the animals; the Comanche party chased the fleeing enemies for a distance, but finally gave up to avoid any ambush. Still in 1829, Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf led a big raid against the Mexican settlements in the Guadalupe Valley, so causing the failure of Mukewarrah and Incoroy in their dealing to setr an agreement with Mexican authorities. In 1838 he, now an important war chief, went with Amorous Man (Pahayoko) and Old Owl (Mupitsukupʉ), to Houston, where they met President Sam Houston and signed with him a treaty. He became a historically important figure when, angered by the Council House fight of 1840, he led a group of Comanches, mostly his own band plus allies from various other Comanche bands, in the Great Raid of 1840. Their goal was to get revenge on the Texans who had killed thirty members of a delegation of Comanche Chiefs when these had been under a flag of truce for negotiations.[1] The Council House Fight{{main|Council House Fight}}The Comanches who came to the Council House at San Antonio in the Republic of Texas in 1840 had the intention to negotiate a peace treaty. They came under a white flag of truce as they understood ambassadors should do. The Texans had expected the Comanches to bring several white captives as part of the agreement. At the meeting Buffalo Hump explained he had brought all of the captives he had - one. The Texans did not understand he had no power over the other bands to force them to comply with the demands. The Texans then pulled out guns and explained the Indians were now their prisoners until the rest of the captives were returned. Threatened, the Comanches, who had come without bows, lances or guns, fought back with their knives. The Texans had concealed heavily armed soldiers just outside the Council House. At the onset of the fighting, the windows and doors were opened and the soldiers outside shot into the room through them. This fight left lasting bitterness in the Comanche people who believed unarmed ambassadors who had come in under a white flag of truce had been slaughtered.[2] The Great Raid of 1840{{main|Great Raid of 1840}}Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what the Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal; spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he was raiding the white settlements in revenge, Buffalo Hump led the Great Raid of 1840. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns.[3] The Comanches killed a large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses.[4] The Battle of Plum Creek{{Main|Battle of Plum Creek}}On the way back from the sea the Comanches were attacked by Texas Rangers and militia at the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart. Texas history says the Rangers, equipped with the new Colt revolvers, won this battle, but this is highly questionable as the Indians got away with a great many of the stolen horses and most of their plunder. Volunteers from Gonzales under Mathew Caldwell and from Bastrop under Ed Burleson had gathered to attempt to stop the war party and together with all the ranger companies of east and central Texas, moved to intercept the Indians, which they did at Plum Creek, near the city of Lockhart on August 12, 1840. 80 Comanches were reported killed in the running gun battle (although only 12 bodies were recovered)—unusually heavy casualties for the Indians, although they got away with the bulk of their plunder and stolen horses.[3] Role in negotiating treaty between Texas and the Penateka bandDespite the Council House, and the subsequent Great Raid of 1840, Sam Houston and Buffalo Hump, with other chiefs representing, for the first time, every major division of the Comanche in Texas, succeeded in August 1843, in agreeing to a temporary treaty accord and a ceasefire between the Comanches, their allies, and the Texans. In October, the Comanches agreed to meet with Houston and try to negotiate a treaty similar to the one just concluded at Fort Bird. (That this included Buffalo Hump, after the events at the Council House, showed extraordinary Comanche belief in Houston)[5] In early 1844, Buffalo Hump and other Comanche leaders (Pahayuca "Amorous Man", Mupitsukupʉ "Old Owl", and others, but not Isa-viah "Yellow Wolf" or Santa Anna) signed a treaty at Tehuacana Creek in which they agreed to teturn white captives in toto, and to cease raiding Texan settlements.[6] In exchange for this, the Texans would cease military action against the tribe, establish more trading posts, and recognize the boundary between Texas and Comanchería. Comanche allies, including the Wacos, Tawakonis, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache and Wichita, also agreed to join in the treaty. Unfortunately, the boundary provision was deleted by the Texas Senate in the final version, which caused Buffalo Hump to repudiate the treaty, and soon a resumption of hostilities occurred.[5] Finally, in May 1846 Buffalo Hump led the Comanche delegation to the treaty talks at Council Springs that signed a peace treaty with the United States.[9] As war chief of the Penateka Comanche, Buffalo Hump dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s.[7] In 1849, he guided Robert Neighbors' and John S. Ford's expedition part of the way from San Antonio to El Paso,[8]{{rp|113}} and in 1856, he sadly and finally led his people to the newly established Comanche reservation on the Brazos River.[9] Continuous raids from white horse thieves and squatters, coupled with his band's unhappiness over their lack of freedom and the poor food provided on the reservation, forced Buffalo Hump to move his band off the reservation in 1858. While camped in the Wichita Mountains, the Penateka Band under Buffalo Hump were attacked by United States troops under the command of Maj. Earl Van Dorn.[7] Allegedly not aware that Buffalo Hump's band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States at Fort Arbuckle, Van Dorn and his men killed eighty of the Comanches.[7] Nonetheless, despite this, an aged and weary Buffalo Hump led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. There, in spite of his enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches' traditional way of life, he asked for a house and farmland so that he could set an example for his people. Attempting to live out his life as a rancher and farmer, he died probably before 1870 PortrayalsBuffalo Hump was played by Eric Schweig in the 1996 TV miniseries Dead Man's Walk, and by Wes Studi in the 2008 TV miniseries Comanche Moon (both part of the Lonesome Dove series). See also
References1. ^{{Handbook of Texas|id=btc01|name=Council House Fight|author=Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz|retrieved=December 23, 2008}} 2. ^{{Handbook of Texas | name=Linville Raid of 1840 | id=btl1|author=Schitz, Jodye Lynn Dickson | retrieved=08 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association 3. ^1 {{cite book | last = Nichols | first =Wilson | title = Now You Hear My Horn: The Journal of James Wilson Nichols, 1820-1887 | publisher =Baker Book House | page=55 | year = 1968 | isbn =978-0-292-75582-6}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1= Roell |first1= Craig H. |last2= |first2= |date= June 15, 2010 |title= Linnville Raid of 1840 |url= https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btl01 |journal= The Handbook of Texas Online |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= March 7, 2019}} 5. ^1 {{cite book | last = Richardson | first =Richard N | title = The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement | publisher =Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum | year = 1996 | isbn =978-1-57168-039-6}} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Fehrenbach | first =T R | title =Comanches: The Destruction of a People| publisher =Allen & Unwin | year = 1975 | isbn =978-0-04-970001-7}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Handbook of Texas | name=Buffalo Hump | id=fbu12 | author=Schitz, Jodye Lynn Dickson | retrieved=08 May 2010}} Texas State Historical Association 8. ^Ford, J.S., 1963, Rip Ford's Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, {{ISBN|0292770340}} 9. ^Buffalo Hump, a Comanche Diplomat: West Texas Historical Association Yearbook 35 (1959) Bibliography
External links
10 : Native American leaders|Native American people of the Indian Wars|1840 in the United States|Battles involving the Comanche|Comanche people|Comanche tribe|Texas–Indian Wars|Native American history of Texas|Year of birth uncertain|1870 deaths |
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