| 词条 | Bulgarian State Railways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Bulgarian State Railways Holding | native_name = Холдинг Български държавни железници | romanized_name = Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi Holding | logo = Bdz-logo.png | type = Government-owned corporation | industry = Transport | foundation = 1885 | location_city = Sofia | location_country = Bulgaria | area_served =Bulgaria | key_people = Georgi Drumev | services = Passenger and freight transport | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = 17,867 | homepage =www.bdz.bg | footnotes = }}{{Infobox rail | gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} | railroad_name = Bulgarian State Railways | system_map = Railway map of Bulgaria.png | map_caption = Map of the Bulgarian railway network | map_size = | marks = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | locale = Bulgaria | start_year = 1885 | end_year = | predecessor_line = | successor_line = | electrification = 25 kV AC, 50 Hz OHLE | length = {{convert|4070|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} (as of 31 Dec 2012) }} The Bulgarian State Railways ({{lang-bg|Български държавни железници}}, Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and the largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1885. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s the BDŽ has met serious competition from automotive transport. For the period 1994 to 2010 there is significant drop in the market share in the passenger and freight services and the lack of competent management worsens the situation. Up to 2002 the company owned/managed the railway infrastructure in the country, when according to EU regulations a new state company, the National Railway Infrastructure Company, was founded and became the owner of the infrastructure. Bulgaria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Bulgaria is 52. HistoryThe Ruse – Varna, the first Bulgarian railway line, was started in 1864. The Turkish government had commissioned for it an English company managed by William Gladstone, a politician, and the Barkley brothers, civil engineers. The line, which was 223 km long, was opened in 1866. In 1870 Baron Maurice de Hirsch started the construction of the Constantinople – Belovo railway line, completed three years later. In 1885, the National Assembly passed the Railway Act, according to which railways in Bulgaria were considered state property and were to be operated by the state. In 1888 Stefan Stambolov’s government expropriates the Vakarel – Belovo railway line (built and previously operated by Vitalis) and started operating it. On 1 August, the whole of the Tsaribrod (Dimitrovgrad, Serbia) – Sofia – Belovo railway line was opened for international traffic. The state bought off the Ruse – Varna railway line and started operating it on 10 August. The Bulgarian State Railways were therefore established, based on the Tsaribrod – Sofia – Belovo and Ruse – Varna railway lines. An independent Ministry of Railways, Post Offices and Telegraphs was established in 1912, followed by the State Railway School in 1923. The next major railway line to be opened was the sub-Balkan railway line, in 1952. Diesel traction was introduced in 1963 for train traffic with the diesel-hydraulic B′B′ locomotives (class 04), built by SGP. The first electrified line, Sofia – Plovdiv, entered into operation in the same year with the new then class 41, built by Škoda. The first doubled track line, the Sindel – Varna, was completed one year later. In 1978 operations started on the Varna - Illichivsk ferry line with four train ferries capable of carrying each 104 four-axle {{RailGauge|1520mm}} wagons. Break of gauge facility was constructed in Beloslav On 1 January 2002, the new Railway Transport Act enterrd into force, passed by the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria, according to which the National Company Bulgarian State Railways werr split into two separate enterprises – a railway carrier (Bulgarian State Railways EAD) and an infrastructure enterprise (Railway Infrastructure National Company) The European Commission formally warned Bulgaria in May 2010 for failure to implement the First Railway rules on track access charges.[1] In October 2010 further restructuring wss announced, with BDŽ EAD becoming a holding company, and all rolling stock allocated to passenger & freight subsidiaries.[2] Company structureSince the last reforms in 2007, a new organizational structure has been approved. BDŽ Inc. (a holding company with one shareholder, the Republic of Bulgaria)
Still there are many problems with the organizational structure of the holding. In order to optimize the running costs many of the employees from the administration should be laid off. There is an evident lack of effectiveness in the administration and the main goal of the Ministry of Transport, Information Technologies and Telecommunication is to make the company profitable. Current traction
Narrow gauge railways{{see also|Narrow gauge railways in Bulgaria}}The scenic Septemvri-Dobrinishte narrow gauge line was finished in 1945. It goes through the station of Avramovo, which is the highest railway station on the Balkans at 1267.4 meters. Further on, it passes through the summer and winter tourist centre of Bansko. The line is 760mm gauge, unelectrified, and is primarily served by diesel power locomotives, however there are well preserved steam locomotives that provide attraction tours. Even though it is very attractive to tourists, it is also widely used by the local inhabitants for public transport purposes. Rail links to adjacent countries
References
External links{{Commons category|Rail transport in Bulgaria}}
Footnotes1. ^{{cite web | title=News in Brief | publisher=Railway Gazette | year=2010 | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/news-in-brief-34/browse/9.html | accessdate=2010-07-05}} {{National railway companies of Europe}}{{Rail transport in Europe}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/bdz-becomes-holding-company.html|accessdate=2010-11-19|title=Railway Gazette: BDZ becomes holding company}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/bdz-freight-privatisation-called-off.html|accessdate=24 June 2013|title=BDZ freight privatisation called off |work=Railway Gazette International}} 6 : Companies based in Sofia|Government-owned companies of Bulgaria|Railway companies of Bulgaria|1885 establishments in Bulgaria|Railway companies established in 1885|Bulgarian brands |
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