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词条 Bump fire
释义

  1. Bump fire stocks

     Regulatory status in the United States  Federal   Lawsuits    Gun Owners of America    Guedes, Codrea, Firearms Policy Coalition    Utah Shooting Sports Council    Class action for compensation    Cargill v. Barr   State  Patent infringement suit  Other lawsuits  Public opinion 

  2. See also

  3. Note

  4. References

{{Refimprove|date=December 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

Bump fire is the act of using the recoil of a semi-automatic firearm or double-action revolver to fire shots in rapid succession at the cost of accuracy of individual shots.

Bump stocks or bump fire stocks are gun stocks that can be used to assist in bump firing. In 2002, one of the first bump stock-type devices invented by Bill Akins, the Akins Accelerator, was deemed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) to not be a "machinegun". The Akins Accelerator used an internal spring to force the firearm forward to make contact with the trigger finger after the recoil of the previous shot pushed the firearm rearward.[1][2] The ATF had interpreted the law defining a machinegun requiring a "single function of the trigger" to mean a "single movement of the trigger" and since the trigger moved for each shot, it was deemed not a machinegun.[2] Later in 2006, the ATF reversed course and reinterpreted "single function of the trigger" to mean "single pull of the trigger" which reclassified the Akins Accelerator as a machinegun. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the interpretation.[2]

More modern bump stocks were invented by Slide Fire Solutions founder Jeremiah Cottle as a replacement stock for people who have limited hand mobility. Such bump stocks have no internal spring and require constant forward pressure by the nonshooting arm in order to maintain continuous firing.[2] Between 2008 and 2017, the ATF had issued ten letter rulings that classified bump stocks as a firearm part, which is unregulated.[6][3] However, following the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the U.S. Department of Justice announced a plan in March 2018 to reclassify bump stocks as "machineguns" under existing federal law, effectively[4] banning them nationwide.[5][6] Only two states had banned bump stocks prior to the Las Vegas shooting. The final rule was issued on December 18, 2018.[7][8]

{{As of|2019|March|26|df=US}}, bump stocks are illegal for almost all civilians in the United States. Multiple lawsuits remain pending that challenge the final rule.

Bump fire stocks

Bump fire stocks are gun stocks that are specially designed to make bump firing easier, which assist semi-automatic firearms with somewhat mimicking the firing motion of fully automatic weapons but does not make the firearm automatic.[9] Essentially, bump stocks assist rapid fire by "throwing" the trigger against one's finger (as opposed to one's finger pulling on the trigger) thus allowing the firearm's recoil, plus constant forward pressure by the non-shooting arm, to actuate the trigger. Bump fire stocks can be placed on a few common weapon platforms such as the AR or AK families. They can achieve rates of fire between 400 and 500 rounds per minute depending on the gun.[14] By 2018, bump fire stocks in the United States would sell for around $100 and up, with prices increasing prior to enactment of federal regulation.[10][11]

Slide Fire Solutions, the inventor, patent holder, and leading manufacturer of bump stocks, suspended sales after bump stocks were used in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting and resumed sales a month later.[12][13] On May 20, 2018, Slide Fire Solutions permanently halted sales and production of its products.[14]

Regulatory status in the United States

Federal

The ATF ruled in 2010 that bump stocks were not a firearm subject to regulation and allowed their sale as an unregulated firearm part.[11][15][16] In the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, twelve bump fire stock devices were found at the scene.[17] The National Rifle Association stated on October 5, 2017, "Devices designed to allow semi-automatic rifles to function like fully-automatic rifles should be subject to additional regulations", and called on regulators to "immediately review whether these devices comply with federal law".[18] The 2017 shooting generated bipartisan interest in regulating bump stocks.[19] On October 4, 2017, Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a bill to ban bump stocks,[11] but it was not acted upon. Instead, on February 20, 2018, President Trump instructed the ATF to issue regulations to treat bump stocks as machineguns.[20]

On March 23, 2018, the Department of Justice announced a plan to change the regulatory status of bump stocks. The proposed change would reclassify bump stocks as "machineguns" and effectively ban the devices in the United States under existing federal law.[5] A notice of proposed rulemaking was issued by the ATF on March 29, 2018, and opened for public comments.[21][6] Slightly more than 119,000 comments were submitted in support of the proposed rule, while slightly more than 66,000 comments expressed opposition to it.[8] On December 18, 2018, the final regulation to ban bump stocks was issued by the Department of Justice and published in the Federal Register on December 26.[8][22][23] The final rule states that "bump-stock-type devices" are covered by the Gun Control Act, as amended, which with limited exceptions, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a machine-gun unless it was lawfully possessed prior to 1986. Since the bump-stock-type devices covered by this final rule were not in existence prior to 1986, they would be prohibited when the rule becomes effective"[8] The ban went into effect on March 26, 2019, by which owners of bump stocks were required to destroy them or surrender them to ATF, punishable by 10 years imprisonment and $250,000 fine.[8][24]

Lawsuits

Several gun rights groups challenged the regulation.[25][26]

Gun Owners of America

In December 2018, Gun Owners of America filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court of Western Michigan seeking an preliminary injunction against the ban.[27] On March 21, 2019, that request was denied by the district court.[28] On March 25, 2019, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals denied an injunction and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court[29][30] which denied the request on March 28.[31]

Guedes, Codrea, Firearms Policy Coalition

The Firearms Policy Coalition and other groups sued in the U.S. District Court of District of Columbia, also seeking an injunction.[32] In February 2019, the District Court denied the Firearms Policy Coalition request for an injunction, determining that the group had not put forward convincing legal arguments that the ban was invalid.[32] On March 23, 2019, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay of the effective date of the regulation that applies only to the plaintiffs.[33] On March 25, 2019, the court clarified that its stay also applies members of the plaintiff organizations (Firearms Policy Coalition, Madison Society Foundation, and Florida Carry).[34] A broader injunction was denied by the Supreme Court.[35] On April 1, 2019, the Appeals Court denied a preliminary injunction in a per curium decision with a noted dissent, based largely on Chevron deference, and allowed the ban to go into effect for the plaintiffs.[36] On April 3, 2019, a second stay application was submitted to the Supreme Court[37] but was denied on April 5, 2019.[38][39]

Utah Shooting Sports Council

A lawsuit by the Utah Shooting Sports Council was filed in the U.S. District Court of Utah.[40][41] A preliminary injunction was denied on March 15, 2019[42][43] but the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals granted a temporary stay on March 21, 2019 that applies only to the plaintiff.[44][45]

Class action for compensation

A lawsuit was filed in the United States Court of Federal Claims seeking just compensation for individuals being deprived of their bump stocks.[46]

Cargill v. Barr

A lawsuit was filed on March 25, 2019 in the U.S. District Court of Western Texas.[47][48][49]

State

Sale of bump stocks has been illegal in California since 1990. They were banned in New York with the passage of the NY SAFE Act in 2013.

In his final day as governor in January 2018, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory illegal in New Jersey.[50] The device's legal status is unclear in Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C.[51] Massachusetts banned bump stocks after the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[13]

On March 2018, following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the state of Florida enacted SB 7026, which, among other things, banned bump stocks.[52][53] The portion of the legislation banning bump stocks took effect in October 2018; possession in Florida is a third-degree felony.[54] Vermont passed a similar law in 2018, which went into effect in October 2018; possession in Vermont is a misdemeanor.[55] Delaware,[56] Hawaii,[57] Maryland,[58] and Washington have also banned bump stocks.[59]

Some states that do not ban bump stocks may have localities that ban them, such as Northbrook, Illinois,[60] Boulder, Colorado,[61] and others.

Patent infringement suit

Slide Fire Solutions filed suit against Bump Fire Systems for infringement of its patents on bump stock designs in 2014.[62] The suit alleged that Bump Fire Systems infringed eight US Patents, for example, United States Patent No. 6,101,918 entitled "Method And Apparatus for Accelerating the Cyclic Firing Rate of a Semi-Automatic Firearm"[63] and United States Patent No. 8,127,658 entitled "Method of Shooting a Semi-Automatic Firearm".[64] The suit was settled in 2016, resulting in Bump Fire Systems ceasing manufacture of the product in contention.[65]

Other lawsuits

Survivors of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting sued bump stock patent holder and manufacturer Slide Fire Solutions, claiming the company was negligent and that they deliberately attempted to evade U.S. laws regulating automatic weapons: "this horrific assault would not and could not have occurred, with a conventional handgun, rifle, or shotgun, of the sort used by law-abiding responsible gun owners for hunting or self defense."[14] The suit was dismissed in September 2018; the court determined that the bump stocks of the sort used by gunman Stephen Paddock to commit the murders, were "firearm components" rather than "firearm accessories" and were therefore subject to the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA), a federal law immunizing manufacturers and sellers of firearms from liability for harm "caused by those who criminally or unlawfully misuse firearm products."[66][67]

Public opinion

Recent polls show public support for a bump stock ban. Immediately following the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, 72% of registered voters supported a bump stock ban, including 68% of Republicans and 79% of Democrats.[68] A 2018 poll found 81% of American adults supported banning bump stocks with a margin of error of +/- 3.5%.[69] A different poll around the same time found 56% of American adults supported banning bump stocks with a margin of error of +/- 4%.[70]

See also

  • Hell-Fire trigger
  • Recoil operation
  • Slamfire
  • 2017 Las Vegas shooting
  • Gun politics in the United States

Note

1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lasvegas-shooting-guns-idUSKBN1CB2TF|title=Inventor of 'bump stock' spent years fighting for device, and lost|date=2017-10-06|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-04-01|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca11/08-15640/200815640-2011-02-28.html|title=Akins v. US|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/business/bump-stock-innovator.html|title=Bump Stock Innovator Inspired by People Who ‘Love Full Auto’|last=Hsu|first=Tiffany|date=2017-10-05|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-27|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
4. ^Machineguns manufactured after 1986 are illegal on the federal level, but pre-1986 ones remain legal in most states and are highly regulated. Since bump stocks were not invented until 2010, all existing supplies effectively become illegal if classified as a machinegun.
5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/sessions-effectively-bans-bump-stocks-727c6a1c-2dc6-4497-abba-0d2c82fcfbf2.html|title=Sessions effectively bans bump stocks|website=Axios|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24}}
6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/justice-dept-proposes-banning-bump-stocks-branding-them-machine-guns/2018/03/23/8a62e050-2edd-11e8-8ad6-fbc50284fce8_story.html|title=Justice Department proposes banning bump stocks, branding them machine guns|last=Horwitz|first=Sari|date=2018-03-23|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46614001|title=US officially bans 'bump stocks' on guns|date=2018-12-19|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2018-12-19|language=en-GB}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/us/politics/trump-bump-stocks-ban.html|title=Trump Administration Imposes Ban on Bump Stocks|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=December 18, 2018|website=New York Times}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/04/us/bump-stock-las-vegas-shooting/index.html|title=Bump stock: The device found on Las Vegas shooter's guns|last=CNN|first=Nicole Chavez |publisher=CNN|access-date=2017-10-06}}
10. ^{{cite web|last1=Berr|first1=Jonathan|title=Bump stock prices soar ahead of potential federal ban|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bump-stock-prices-soar-ahead-of-potential-federal-ban/|website=CBS News|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=April 11, 2018|language=en}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|author=|title=The "bump stocks" used in the Las Vegas shooting may soon be banned|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/10/daily-chart-3|work=The Economist|date=October 6, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Bump Stock Manufacturer To Resume Sales Of Controversial Device |date=November 7, 2017 |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |work=All Things Considered |first=Brian |last=Mann |agency=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/07/562619837/bump-stock-manufacturer-to-resume-sales-of-controversial-device}}
13. ^1 {{cite news |title=Leading bump stock maker briefly makes product available again |first=Jamiles |last=Lartey |date=November 7, 2017 |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/07/bump-stocks-guns-las-vegas-shooting}}
14. ^1 {{cite news |agency=NPR |title=Bump Stock Manufacturer Is Shutting Down Production |date=April 18, 2018 |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |first=Vanessa |last=Romo |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/603623834/bump-stock-manufacturer-is-shutting-down-production}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Krouse|first1=William J.|title=Gun Control: "Bump-Fire" Stocks|date=October 10, 2017|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IN10801.pdf|accessdate=December 12, 2017}}
16. ^{{cite book|last1=Peck|first1=Sarah Herman|title=ATF’s Ability to Regulate “Bump Stocks”|date=April 11, 2018|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, DC|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/LSB10103.pdf|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/04/us/bump-stock-las-vegas-gun.html|newspaper=The New York Times|title=What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work?|orig-year=October 4, 2017|date=February 20, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41519815 |title=Las Vegas shooting: NRA urges new rules for gun 'bump-stocks' |date=2017-10-05 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2017-10-05}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/house-gop-showing-overwhelming-interest-in-curbelo-bump-stock-bill|title=House GOP Shows ‘Overwhelming’ Interest in Bipartisan Bump Stock Bill|first1=Griffin|last1=Connolly|first2=Griffin|last2=Connolly|date=October 5, 2017|website=Rollcall.com}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/374722-trump-to-take-steps-to-ban-bump-stocks|title=Trump to take steps to ban bump stocks|last=Carter|first=Brandon|date=2018-02-20|work=The Hill|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=ATF-2018-0002-0001|title=Regulations.gov|website=Regulations.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-31}}
22. ^[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-12-26/pdf/2018-27763.pdf Bump-Stock-Type Devices], 83 Fed. Reg. 66,514 (Dec. 26, 2018).
23. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/12/26/2018-27763/bump-stock-type-devices|title=Bump-Stock-Type Devices|date=2018-12-26|website=Federal Register|access-date=2019-03-27}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/3kg9bv/owning-a-bump-stock-can-now-get-you-10-years-in-prison|title=Owning a bump stock can now get you 10 years in prison|last=Owen|first=Tess|date=2019-03-26|website=Vice News|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-27}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/6c1af80fb290472c89fb930e223505af|title=Trump administration moves to ban bump stocks|last=Balsamo|first=Michael|date=2018-12-18|access-date=2018-12-18|agency=Associated Press}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/dominicholden/gun-rights-activists-lawsuit-trump-bump-stock-ban|title=Gun Rights Activists Are Already Suing Over Trump’s Bump Stock Ban|date=December 18, 2018|website=BuzzFeed News}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/gun-lobby-files-lawsuit-challenging-trumps-bump-stock-ban-1559886/|title=Gun lobby files lawsuit challenging Trump's bump stock ban|author=Gary Martin|date=December 28, 2018|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/402691394/MI-Order-Denying-Motion|title=MI Order Denying Motion {{!}} Statutory Interpretation {{!}} Chevron U.S.A.|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://gunowners.org/alert32219/|title=Round 1: District Court sides with government against gun owners {{!}} Gun Owners of America|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/25/trump-administrations-bump-stock-ban-set-to-go-into-effect-tuesday.html|title=Trump administration's bump stock ban set to go into effect Tuesday|last=Daniels|first=Jeff|date=2019-03-25|website=www.cnbc.com|access-date=2019-03-25}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-guns-idUSKCN1R9230|title=U.S. Supreme Court refuses to block Trump's gun 'bump stock' ban|date=2019-03-28|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-28|language=en}}
32. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/02/26/bump-stock-ban-enacted-by-trump-administration-can-stand-federal-judge-rules/|title=Bump-stock ban enacted by Trump administration can stand, federal judge rules|author=Meagan Flynn|date=February 26, 2018|work=Washington Post}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cdn0.thetruthaboutguns.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2019-3-23-guedes-cadc-order.pdf|title=Stay Order|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/403103733/Order-on-Modfication-Clarification|title=Order on Modfication Clarification|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.firearmspolicy.org/guedes-v-batfe|title=BumpstockCase.com - Bumpstock Lawsuit - Guedes v. BATFE|website=Firearms Policy Coalition|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}
36. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://dccircuitbreaker.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/19-5042-1780398.pdf|title=GUEDES v. ATF|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/firearmspolicycoalition/pages/4959/attachments/original/1554296677/2019-4-3-guedes-scotus-stay-app.pdf|title=Guedes v. ATF stay application|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docket/docketfiles/html/public%5C18a1019.html|title=Search - Supreme Court of the United States|website=www.supremecourt.gov|access-date=2019-04-05}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/437593-supreme-court-rejects-bid-from-gun-rights-groups-to-delay-bump-stock|title=Supreme Court rejects bid from gun rights groups to delay bump stock ban|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|date=2019-04-05|website=TheHill|language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bump-stock-ban-lawsuit-trump-admin-sues-says-it-turns-1295855|title=Gun rights advocate sues Trump administration over bump stock ban|last=EST|first=Jenni Fink On 1/17/19 at 10:04 AM|date=2019-01-17|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nclalegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Filed-PI-Motion.pdf|title=Aposhian v. U.S.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
42. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46512089/judge-denies-utah-gun-enthusiasts-attempt-to-block-federal-rule-banning-bump-stocks|title=Judge denies Utah gun enthusiast's attempt to block federal rule banning bump stocks|website=www.ksl.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2019/03/18/federal-judge-denies-utah/|title=Federal judge denies Utah gun enthusiast’s attempt to halt the upcoming deadline on bump stock ban|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-18}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900061721/utah-gun-bump-stock-enthusiast-granted-temporary-stay-u-s-court-of-appeals.html|title=Utah gun enthusiast granted temporary stay of bump stock ban|last=Imlay|first=Ashley|date=2019-03-21|website=DeseretNews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-22}}
45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nclalegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Injunction-1.pdf|title=Temporary Stay|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://madisonrecord.com/stories/511716619-bump-stock-class-action-seeks-compensation-for-government-s-taking-of-property|title=Bump-stock class action seeks compensation for government's 'taking' of property|last=Maher|first=Ann|website=madisonrecord.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/gun-rights-activist-michael-cargill-files-lawsuit-surrenders-bump-stocks/1876172877|title=Gun rights activist Michael Cargill files lawsuit, surrenders bump stocks|date=2019-03-25|website=KXAN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cbsaustin.com/news/local/with-bump-stock-ban-taking-effect-austin-man-plans-on-fighting-atf-in-court|title=With bump stock ban taking effect, Austin man plans on fighting ATF in court|last=Flores|first=Christian|date=2019-03-25|website=KEYE|access-date=2019-03-26}}
49. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nclalegal.org/2019/03/cargill-v-barr-et-al-complaint/|title=Cargill v. Barr et al Complaint {{!}} New Civil Liberties Alliance|website=nclalegal.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/01/nj_bans_gun_device_used_in_las_vegas_shooting_afte.html|title=N.J. bans gun device used in Las Vegas shooting after Christie signs bill|publisher=NJ.com}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/where-are-bump-fire-stocks-illegal-feds-states-weigh-bans-after-las-vegas-shooting/|title=Where are bump-fire stocks illegal? Feds, states weigh bans after Las Vegas shooting|publisher=CBS News}}
52. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/05/us/urgent-gun-measures-florida-state-legislatures/index.html|title=Florida Senate passes bill raising age to buy guns|publisher=Athena Jones, Darran Simon and Carolyn Sung|work=CNN|access-date=2018-03-08}}
53. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/10/17103874/florida-shooting-nra-gun-control-age|title=The NRA sued to block Florida’s new gun law hours after it was passed|work=Vox|access-date=2018-03-13}}
54. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/publicsafety/bump-stocks-have-been-banned-for-months-in-florida-but-is-anyone-listening-20190208/|title=Bump stocks have been banned for months in Florida, but is anyone listening?|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=February 8, 2018|author=Zachary T. Sampson}}
55. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/government/2018/09/20/vermont-new-bump-stock-ban-gun-control/1304286002/|title=Vermont gun laws: What to know about new bump stock ban|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|date=September 24, 2018|author=April McCullum}}
56. ^{{Cite news|url=https://whyy.org/articles/delawares-bump-stock-ban-to-take-effect-after-buyback-events/|title=Delaware's bump stock ban to take effect after buyback events|publisher=WHYY|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en-US}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ktuu.com/content/news/Hawaii-lawmakers-pass-bump-stock-ban-481022581.html|title=Hawaii lawmakers pass bump stock ban|agency=Associated Press|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en}}
58. ^{{Cite news|url=https://wamu.org/story/18/04/24/ban-bump-stocks-among-new-gun-regulations-maryland/|title=Ban On 'Bump Stocks' Among New Gun Regulations In Maryland|publisher=WAMU|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en-US}}
59. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/inslee-signs-bill-ban-bump-stock-devices-those-used-las-vegas-shooting|title=Inslee signs bill to ban bump stock devices like those used in the Las Vegas shooting|publisher=Office of Governor Jay Inslee|access-date=2018-04-28}}
60. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/northbrook/news/ct-nbs-assault-weapon-ordinances-approved-tl-0531-story.html|title=Northbrook bans bump stocks throughout village, concealed carry in businesses where alcohol consumed|last=Kukulka|first=Alexandra|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2018-06-22|language=en-US}}
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70. ^{{cite news |agency=CBS News |date=February 23, 2018 |accessdate=July 24, 2018 |title=Poll: Support for stricter gun laws rises; divisions on arming teachers |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-support-for-stricter-gun-laws-rises-divisions-on-arming-teachers/}}

References

{{Reflist}}

2 : Firearm actions|Gun politics in the United States
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