| 词条 | Burkholderia cepacia complex |
| 释义 |
| name = Burkholderia cepacia complex | image = Burkholderia cepacia.jpg | regnum = Bacteria | phylum = Proteobacteria | classis = Betaproteobacteria | ordo = Burkholderiales | familia = Burkholderiaceae | genus = Burkholderia | species = B. cepacia complex | binomial = Burkholderia cepacia complex | binomial_authority = (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) Yabuuchi et al. 1993 | type_species =ATCC 25416 CCUG 12691 and 13226 | synonyms = *Pseudomonas cepacia Burkholder 1950
}} Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), or simply Burkholderia cepacia, is a group of catalase-producing, lactose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least 20 different species, including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, B. vietnamiensis, B. stabilis, B. ambifaria, B. dolosa, B. anthina, B. pyrrocinia and B. ubonensis.[1] B. cepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen that most often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease (such as cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease).[2] Patients with sickle-cell haemoglobinopathies are also at risk. The species also attacks young onion and tobacco plants, as well as displaying a remarkable ability to digest oil. PathogenesisBCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. They show a relatively poor virulence. Virulence factors include adherence to plastic surfaces (including those of medical devices) and production of several enzymes such as elastase and gelatinase. Also relevant might be the ability to survive attacks from neutrophils.[3] Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area from uninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in lung function and result in death. DiagnosisDiagnosis of BCC involves culturing the bacteria from clinical specimens, such as sputum or blood. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common antibiotics, including aminoglycosides and polymyxin B.[4] and this fact is exploited in the identification of the organism. The organism is usually cultured in Burkholderia cepacia agar (BC agar) which contains crystal violet and bile salts to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive cocci and ticarcillin and polymyxin B to inhibit the growth of other Gram-negative bacilli. It also contains phenol red pH indicator which turns pink when it reacts with alkaline byproducts generated by the bacteria when it grows. Alternatively, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin-bacitracin-lactose (OFPBL) agar can be used. OFPBL contains polymyxin (which kills most Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and bacitracin (which kills most Gram-positive bacteria and Neisseria species).[5][6] It also contains lactose, and organisms such as BCC that do not ferment lactose turn the pH indicator yellow, which helps to distinguish it from other organisms that may grow on OFPBL agar, such as Candida species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Stenotrophomonas species. TreatmentTreatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin, meropenem, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(co-trimoxazole).[4] Although co-trimoxazole has been generally considered the drug of choice for B. cepacia infections, ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin, and meropenem are considered to be viable alternative options in cases where co-trimoxazole cannot be administered because of hypersensitivity reactions, intolerance, or resistance.[7] In April 2007, researchers from the University of Western Ontario School of Medicine, working with a group from Edinburgh, announced that they had discovered a potential method to kill the organism, involving disruption in the biosynthesis of an essential cell membrane sugar.[8][9] HistoryB. cepacia was discovered by Walter Burkholder in 1949 as the cause of onion skin rot, and first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s.[10] It was first isolated in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in 1977 when it was known as Pseudomonas cepacia.[11] In the 1980s, outbreaks of B. cepacia in individuals with CF were associated with a 35% death rate. B. cepacia has a large genome, containing twice the amount of genetic material as E. coli. See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |author=Lipuma J |title=Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=528–33 |year=2005 |pmid=16217180 |doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000181475.85187.ed}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahenthiralingam E, Urban T, Goldberg J |title=The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=144–56 |year=2005 |pmid=15643431 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1085}} 3. ^{{cite book |first=E. |last=Torok |first2=E. |last2=Moran |first3=F |last3=Cooke |title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-856925-1}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |author=McGowan J |title=Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=34 |issue=5 Suppl 1 |pages=S29–37; discussion S64–73 |year=2006 |pmid=16813979 |doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.226}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Becton, Dickinson and Company|title=BD Difco and BD BBL Manual: Manual of Microbiological Culture Media|location=Franklin Lakes, New Jersey|publisher=Becton Dickinson|year=2003|pages=422–423}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Remel Technical Manual|chapter=OFPBL agar|location=Lenexa, Kan|publisher=Remel|year=1997}} 7. ^{{cite journal |author1=Avgeri SG |author2=Matthaiou DK |author3=Dimopoulos G |author4=Grammatikos AP |author5=Falagas ME |title=Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence |journal=Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=394–404 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19097867 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924-8579(08)00455-X}} 8. ^{{cite news | title=Key Found to Kill Cystic Fibrosis Superbug | date=April 25, 2007 | publisher= | url =http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/report-83296.html | work =Innovations Report | pages = | accessdate = April 26, 2007 | language = }} 9. ^{{cite journal |author=Ortega XP |title=A Putative Gene Cluster for Aminoarabinose Biosynthesis Is Essential for Burkholderia cenocepacia Viability |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=189 |issue=9 |pages=3639–44 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17337576 |pmc=1855895 |doi=10.1128/JB.00153-07 |author2=Cardona ST |author3=Brown AR |display-authors=3 |last4=Loutet |first4=S. A. |last5=Flannagan |first5=R. S. |last6=Campopiano |first6=D. J. |last7=Govan |first7=J. R. W. |last8=Valvano |first8=M. A. }} 10. ^{{cite journal | author = Burkholder WH | title = Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs | journal = Phytopathology | year = 1950 | volume = 40| pages = 115–7 |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19501101355 |issue=1}} 11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lararya-Cuasay LR, Lipstein M, Huang NN |title=Pseudomonas cepacia in the respiratory flora of patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=Pediatr Res |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=502 |year=1977 |doi=10.1203/00006450-197704000-00792 |url=https://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v11/n4/abs/pr1977831a.html}} Further reading
External links
3 : Bacterial diseases|Burkholderiales|Healthcare-associated infections |
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