“Bystander effect (radiobiology)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The radiation-induced bystander effect (bystander effect) is the phenomenon in which unirradiated cells exhibit irradiated effects as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells. In November 1992, Hatsumi Nagasawa and John B. Little first reported this radiobiological phenomenon.^[1]

Effect

There is evidence^[2]^[3] that targeted cytoplasmic irradiation results in mutation in the nucleus of the hit cells. Cells that are not directly hit by an alpha particle, but are in the vicinity of one that is hit, also contribute to the genotoxic response of the cell population.^[4]^[5] Similarly, when cells are irradiated, and the medium is transferred to unirradiated cells, these unirradiated cells show bystander responses when assayed for clonogenic survival and oncogenic transformation.^[6]^[7] This is also attributed to the bystander effect.

Demonstration

The demonstration of a bystander effect in 3D human tissues^[8] and, more recently, in whole organisms^[9] have clear implication of the potential relevance of the non-targeted response to human health.

Consequences

This effect may also contribute to the final biological consequences of exposure to low doses of radiation.^[10]^[11] However, there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that the bystander effect promotes carcinogenesis in humans at low doses.^[12]

Notes

Note that the bystander effect is not the same as the abscopal effect. The abscopal effect is a phenomenon where the response to radiation is seen in an organ/site distant to the irradiated organ/area, that is, the responding cells are not juxtaposed with the irradiated cells. T-cells and dendritic cells have been implicated to be part of the mechanism.^[13]

In suicide gene therapy, the "bystander effect" is the ability of the transfected cells to transfer death signals to neighboring tumor cells.^[14]

References

1. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 1423287| year = 1992| author1 = Nagasawa| first1 = H| title = Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by extremely low doses of alpha-particles| journal = Cancer Research| volume = 52| issue = 22| pages = 6394–6| last2 = Little| first2 = J. B.}}
2. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 10220401 | volume=96 | issue=9 | title=Targeted cytoplasmic irradiation with alpha particles induces mutations in mammalian cells | pmc=21799 |date=April 1999 |vauthors=Wu LJ, Randers-Pehrson G, Xu A | pages=4959–64 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.4959W |doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.9.4959 |display-authors=etal}}
3. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 15070061 | volume=23 | issue=2 | title=The radiation-induced bystander effect: evidence and significance |date=February 2004 |vauthors=Azzam EI, Little JB | pages=61–5 | journal = Human & Experimental Toxicology | doi=10.1191/0960327104ht418oa}}
4. ^{{cite journal |pmid = 10681418 | doi=10.1073/pnas.030420797 | volume=97 | issue=5 | title=Induction of a bystander mutagenic effect of alpha particles in mammalian cells | pmc=15760 |date=February 2000 |vauthors=Zhou H, Randers-Pehrson G, Waldren CA, Vannais D, Hall EJ, Hei TK | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pages=2099–104|bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.2099Z }}
5. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 9881726 | volume=74 | issue=6 | title=Studies of bystander effects in human fibroblasts using a charged particle microbeam |date=December 1998 |vauthors=Prise KM, Belyakov OV, Folkard M, Michael BD | pages=793–8 | journal = International Journal of Radiation Biology | doi=10.1080/095530098141087}}
6. ^{{cite journal |pmid = 15038773 | volume=161 | issue=4 | title=The bystander response in C3H 10T1/2 cells: the influence of cell-to-cell contact |date=April 2004 |vauthors=Mitchell SA, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ, Hall EJ | journal=Radiat. Res. | pages=397–401 | doi=10.1667/rr3137|bibcode=2004RadR..161..397M | citeseerx=10.1.1.516.4869 }}
7. ^{{cite journal |pmid = 15360084 | volume=80 | issue=7 | title=Bystander effect and adaptive response in C3H 10T(1/2) cells |date=July 2004 |vauthors=Mitchell SA, Marino SA, Brenner DJ, Hall EJ | journal=Int. J. Radiat. Biol. | pages=465–72 | doi=10.1080/09553000410001725116}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sedelnikova OA, Nakamura A, Kovalchuk O |title=DNA double-strand breaks form in bystander cells after microbeam irradiation of three-dimensional human tissue models |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=67 |issue=9 |pages=4295–302 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17483342 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4442 |url=|display-authors=etal}}
9. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 19346684 | pmc=3685624 | volume=50 Suppl A | title=Microbeam irradiation of the C. elegans nematode |date=March 2009 |vauthors=Bertucci A, Pocock RD, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ | pages=A49–54 | journal = Journal of Radiation Research | doi=10.1269/jrr.08132s| bibcode=2009JRadR..50A..49B }}
10. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 18711141 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0804186105 | volume=105 | issue=34 | title=Oncogenic bystander radiation effects in Patched heterozygous mouse cerebellum | pmc=2517601 |date=August 2008 |vauthors=Mancuso M, Pasquali E, Leonardi S | pages=12445–50 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|bibcode = 2008PNAS..10512445M |display-authors=etal}}
11. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 19724078 | volume=63 | title=[Radiation-induced bystander effect: the important part of ionizing radiation response. Potential clinical implications] | year=2009 | vauthors= Wideł M, Przybyszewski W, Rzeszowska-Wolny J | pages=377–88 | journal = Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online)}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1667/RR2548.1 |issn=0033-7587 |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=139–157 |last=Blyth |first=Benjamin J. |author2=Pamela J. Sykes |title=Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects: What Are They, and How Relevant Are They to Human Radiation Exposures? |journal=Radiation Research |year=2011 |url=http://lowdose.energy.gov/radiation_bystandereffects.aspx |pmid=21631286 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323170444/http://lowdose.energy.gov/radiation_bystandereffects.aspx |archivedate=2012-03-23 |df= |bibcode=2011RadR..176..139B }}
13. ^{{cite journal|pmid=14967443 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.09.012 | volume=58 | issue=3 | title=Ionizing radiation inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated |date=March 2004 |vauthors=Demaria S, Ng B, Devitt ML | pages=862–70|journal=International Journal of Radiation OncologyBiologyPhysics|display-authors=etal}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|title = Progress and problems with the use of suicide genes for targeted cancer therapy|last = Karjoo|first = Z.|date = 2015|journal = Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews|doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.009|pmid = 26004498|last2 = Chen|first2 = X.|first3 = A.|last3 = Hatefi|volume=99|issue = Pt A|pmc=4758904|pages=113–28}}