| 词条 | Calinda |
| 释义 |
| image = Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG 5527.JPG | imagecaption = Calinda, dance of the Negroes in America, watercolour by François Aimé Louis Dumoulin | imagesize = 300px | name = Calinda | aka = Kalinda, kalenda | focus = Stick Fighting | hardness = | country = {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | creator = | parenthood = }} Calinda (also spelled kalinda or kalenda) is a martial art, as well as kind of folk music and war dance in the Caribbean which arose in the 1720s. Calinda is the French spelling, and the Spanish equivalent is calenda. HistoryCalinda is a kind of stick-fighting commonly seen practiced during Trinidad & Tobago Carnival.[1] It is the national martial art of Trinidad & Tobago. French planters with their slaves, free coloreds and mulattos from neighboring islands of Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica migrated to Trinidad during the Cedula of Population. Carnival had arrived with the French; slaves who could not participate formed a parallel celebration called canboulay, the precursor for Trinidad's Carnival. After Emancipation of slavery, a lead vocalist or chantwell (chantuelle) would sing call-and-response chants called lavways lionizing and cheering on champion stickfighters. There, Carnival songs are considered to be derived from calinda chants and "lavways". This form of music gradually evolved into the modern calypso. Before the Emancipation from slavery and its integration into Carnival, Calinda was used as a type of performance to provide ways of entertainment for slaves. Once the French came to Trinidad, stick fighters were no longer known as stick men but as boismen (bois meaning stick in French). There were different factors involved in stick fighting, including a costume that the performers would have to wear and the gayelles (or arenas) they would fight in. There are also special rituals that are done in the gayelle before the fight starts that include different ceremonial songs. [2] Though it is more commonly practiced as a dance because of the violent outcome of stick-fighting, its roots are still that of a martial art originating from Kingdom of Kongo, and stick-fights still occur in Trinidad. They also have been formalised into annual Carnival competitions.[3] Elsewhere in the CaribbeanIt is practiced in other parts of the Caribbean, such as Martinique.[4] or Guadeloupe (under various names such as l'agya, damaye and mayolé).[5] Kalenda is one name assigned to an Afro-Caribbean form of stick fighting as practiced in Haiti and entering the United States through the port city of New Orleans.[6]{{Clarify|date=June 2014|reason=This is not a proper reference citation. Use Template:Cite_web or similar to provide source details.}} Similar forms of this martial art exist elsewhere in the Caribbean. For example, in Barbados it is commonly referred to as "stick-licking" or "stick science." In LouisianaThe well-known Cajun song "Allons danser Colinda" is about a Cajun boy asking a girl named Colinda to do a risqué dance with him; probably derived from the Calinda dance which was reported to have been performed in New Orleans by Afro-Caribbean slaves brought to Louisiana.[7] Dancing the "Calinda" is also referred to in one of Louisiana writer Kate Chopin's most famous stories from Bayou Folk (1894), "La Belle Zoraïde," which stresses the strong Afro-Caribbean presence in Louisiana.[8] See also
References1. ^Shane K. Bernard and Julia Girouard, "'Colinda': Mysterious Origins of a Cajun Folksong," Journal of Folklore Research 29 (January–April 1992: 37-52. 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mypanyard.co.uk/History-stick-fighting-bois.html|title=Stick Fighting - Steelpan teaching resources @mypanyard ... UK loves pan|last=KCG|website=www.mypanyard.co.uk|access-date=2018-05-08}} 3. ^Trinidad Sweet - The People, Their Culture, Their Island - Bird, Adrian Curtis (1992) Inprint Publications LTD, Port of Spain, Trinidad, W.I. 4. ^"Tangled Roots: Kalenda and Other Neo-African Dances in the Circum-Caribbean" by Julian Gerstin, New West Indies Guide 78 (1&2): 5-41 (2004) 5. ^Lameca : kalinda 6. ^Kalenda by Dennis Newsome at http://malandros-touro.com/kalenda.html 7. ^Shane K. Bernard and Julia Girouard, "'Colinda': Mysterious Origins of a Cajun Folksong," Journal of Folklore Research 29 (January–April 1992: 37-52. 8. ^http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/chopinbayou/bayou.html#bayouf280 External links
8 : Dances of the Caribbean|Haitian dances|Kongo culture|North American martial arts|Stick-fighting|Theatrical combat|Trinidad and Tobago culture|War dances |
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