| 词条 | Callosity |
| 释义 |
A callosity is another name for callus, a piece of skin that has become thickened as a result of repeated contact and friction. MonkeysWhen occurring on an animal's buttocks, as with baboons, they are specifically called ischial callosities.[1] Ischial relates to the ischium: it forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. The pads enable the monkeys to sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators, without falling. The ischial callosities are one of the most distinctive pelvic features which separates Old World monkeys from New World monkeys.[2] Right whalesIn whales, the term callosity refers to the rough, calcified skin patches found on the heads of the three species of right whales. These callosities are a characteristic feature of the whale genus Eubalaena; because they are found on the head of the whale and appear white against the dark background of the whale's skin, they make it very easy to identify these species. The callosities themselves are grey; the white appearance is due to large colonies of whale lice, whale barnacles and parasitic worms which reside on them.[3][4] Young whales and diseased individuals are often infested with a different species of cyamid, which gives an orange hue rather than white on these whales.[5] Callosities arise naturally and are present even in late-term whale fetuses, although the work of lice digging into the surface of the skin may make them more jagged and hard over time.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Callosities are found on the upper surface of the whale's head, above the eyes, on the jawline and chin and surrounding the blowhole.[5] Callosities form a unique pattern on every right whale and though callosities which are overgrown break off, the patterns do not change over a lifetime. This makes them a very useful tool for the purposes of photo-identification and conservation.[3] The evolutionary purpose of callosities is unknown. Male right whales have a higher density of callosities than females. Males have been observed scratching one another with their callosities and it has been suggested by Payne & Dorsey (1983) that this is a sexually dimorphic feature used for intra-specific sexual aggression.[6] This explanation is not entirely satisfactory, as it does not account for the appearance of callosities in females.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Alternative natural role of callosities has been considered as being optional tools against predators, and declines of right whales might have consequenced in declines of barnacles as well.[7] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=https://monkeybuiznezz.wordpress.com/tag/ischial-callosities/|title=Ischial callosities|publisher=MonkeyBuiznezz|accessdate=2014-02-12}} 2. ^Steudel (1981), p 399 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/projects/endangered_species_habitats/right_whale_research/right_whale_background/identify_a_right_whale/callosities.php |title=Callosities |website=New England Aquarium |accessdate=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122013247/http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/projects/endangered_species_habitats/right_whale_research/right_whale_background/identify_a_right_whale/callosities.php# |archive-date=2014-11-22 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/right_whale.htm |title=Right whales | author=Ward, Paul|date=2001|website=Cool Antarctica |accessdate=24 August 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://coastalstudies.org/right-whale-research/ |title=Right Whale Research |website=Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA |accessdate=24 August 2014 }} 6. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.icb.org.ar/descargas/Sexual%20dimorphism%20and%20aggressive%20use%20of%20callosities%20in%20right%20whales%20(Eubalaena%20australis).pdf|chapter=Sexual dimorphism and aggressive use of callosities in right whales (Eubalaena australis)|author=Payne, Roger|author2=Eleanor M. Dorsey|last-author-amp=yes|title=Communication and Behaviour of Whales|year=1983|pages=295–329|accessdate=24 August 2014}} 7. ^https://www.researchgate.net/figure/265049647_fig3_Fig-S3-Stranded-Pacific-right-whale-Eubalaena-japonica-at-Izu-peninsula-Shimoda References
| url = http://www.zoology.wisc.edu/labs/hll/pdf/Steudel%201981%20functional%20aspects%20of%20pelvic%20structure.pdf | title = Functional Aspects of Primate Pelvic Structure: A Multivariate Approach | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | issue = 3 | pages = 399–410 | year = 1981 | first = K | last = Steudel | format = PDF | pmid=6791507 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330550314 | volume = 55 }}
1 : Cetaceans |
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