词条 | Cancer in cats |
释义 |
While the causes of cancer in cats are unknown, feline leukemia virus is suspected to be a prime contributor.[2] Other factors suspected to increase rates of feline cancer include toxins from the environment, second hand smoking, excessive grooming, or licking parts of the body that have been in contact with an environmental toxin.[2] Cancer can be detected early on by observing for certain signs and symptoms. Common diagnosing methods include physical examination, x-rays, ultrasounds, cytology, blood tests, urine tests, and nuclear scans. Depending on the type of cancer and its level of progress, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy may be utilized to treat the cancer. Although research into causes and treatment of feline cancers has been slow, there have been advancements in radiation therapy, as well as newer and improved chemotherapy procedures.[2] Signs and symptomsCancer in cats can occur in any location or body system,[3] and most symptoms can be detected externally.[2] While each type of cancer has its own distinctive symptoms, most indicate their presence by the occurrence and the prolonged presence of any common symptom.[1] Some of the general symptoms of cancer in cats are:[3]
Lymphoma and lymphosarcomaLymphoma is the most common form of cancer in cats, which is often associated with feline leukemia virus, and accounts for 25 percent of all cases.[3] Feline lymphoma usually strikes the digestive system, causing excessive vomiting and diarrhea.[4] Other common symptoms of lymphoma in cats include swollen lymph nodes, loss of appetite, weight loss, and difficulty breathing.[4]Lymphoma and lymphosarcoma is common among cats with FeLV infections. It affects the intestines and other lymphatic tissues (commonly the abdominal organs). Cats with may be affected by a loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, and constipation. Skin tumors{{See also|Skin cancer in cats and dogs}}Skin tumors are less common in cats; and although most cats are vulnerable, white cats are especially prone to this type of tumor. Skin tumors manifests as a visible lump on the skin, mostly affecting vision, smell, or eating.[5] Benign tumors take several years to develop and are more difficult to detect due to their freely movable nature.[6] The only indicator of benign tumors is self-trauma of a form called lick granuloma or "boredom sores",[7] which can be caused by excessive licking by the cat.[6] This is a sign that the cat is suffering from anxiety.[8][9] Mammary gland tumors{{See also|Mammary tumor}}Mammary gland tumors are the third common type of cancer in older female cats, with the most common symptom manifesting as a lump in the breast tissue.[3] Domestic short-haired cats and Siamese appear to have a higher incident rates.[10] The tumor is typically firm and nodular, and adheres to the overlying skin.[11] Nipples may also appear to be red and swollen, oozing yellowish fluid.[11] Abdominal tumorAbdominal tumor is among the rarest forms of cancer in cats, and most difficult to treat successfully before progressing to an advanced stage.[12] The main symptoms include abdominal enlargement,[3] vomiting (often with blood), weight loss due to poor digestion, and weakness.[12] Types of tumor
DiagnosisDiagnosing the type of cancer, by the analysis of the structure of the tumor and cancer cells, helps determine the best treatment.[14]
TreatmentTreatments of cancer in cats usually consists of diagnosis and observation of the tumor to determine its type and size, the development of a treatment plan, the associated goals on the part of the treatment methods, and the regular evaluation of the overall health of the pet.
PreventionThe prevention of feline cancer mainly depends on the cat's diet and lifestyle, as well as an ability to detect early signs and symptoms of cancer prior to advancement to a further stage. If cancer is detected at an earlier stage, it has a higher chance of being treated, therefore lessening the chances of fatality. Taking cats for regular checkups to the veterinarian can help spot signs and symptoms of cancer early on. Interaction with other catsInteraction with other cats with strains or diseases related to FeLV can be a great risk factor for cats attaining FeLV themselves. Therefore, a main factor in prevention is keeping the affected cats in quarantine from the unaffected cats. Stray cats, or indoor/outdoor cats have been shown to be at a greater risk for acquiring FeLV, since they have a greater chance of interacting with other cats. Domesticated cats that are kept indoors are the least vulnerable to susceptible diseases.[15] VaccinesVaccines help the immune system fight off disease causing organisms, which is another key to prevention.[15] A vaccine for feline leukemia virus was created in 1969.[16]Spaying and neutering{{See also|Spaying and neutering}}Spaying and neutering holds many advantages to cats, including lowering the risk for developing cancer. Neutering male cats makes them less subjected to testicular cancer, FeLV, and FIV. Spaying female cats lowers the risk for mammary cancer, ovarian, or uterine cancer, as it prevents them from going into heat. Female cats should be spayed before their first heat, as each cycle of heat creates a greater risk for mammary cancer. Spaying a female cat requires the removal of the ovaries and uterus, which would eliminate their chances of developing cancer in these areas.[17]Exposure to sunThe risk of skin cancer increases when a cat is exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods. White cats, or cats with white faces and ears, should not be allowed out on sunny days. Between the hours of 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, it is recommended to keep domesticated cats indoors, as the sun is at its highest peak between these times. Sun block is also available for cats, which can help prevent skin irritation, and a veterinarian should be contacted to find out which brands are appropriate and to use on cats.[18] Exposure to secondhand smokeCats living in a smoker’s household are three times more likely to develop lymphoma.[19] Compared to living in a smoke-free environment, cats exposed to secondhand smoke also have a greater chance of developing squamous cell carcinoma or mouth cancer. Cancer is also developed mostly due to the cat's grooming habits. As cats lick themselves while they groom, they increase chances of taking in the toxic, cancer-causing carcinogens that gather on their fur, which are then exposed to their mucus membranes.[15] LifestyleProviding a cat with the healthiest lifestyle possible is the key to prevention. Decreasing the amount of toxins, including household cleaning products, providing fresh and whole foods, clean and purified water, and reducing the amount of indoor pollution can help cats live a longer and healthier life. To lessen susceptibility to diseases, domesticated cats should be kept inside the household for most of their lives to reduce the risk of interacting with other stray cats that could be infected with diseases.[20] ResearchSmall animals, like cats, experience faster rates of cancer development. As a result, they are good preclinical models for understanding processes like immortalization and its role in promoting cancerous tumors.[21] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.zzcat.com/ | title = Feline Cancer Resources | accessdate = 2012-03-22}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url = http://pets.webmd.com/cats/guide/cancer-in-cats-types-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment | title = Cancer in Cats: Types, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment |accessdate= 2012-03-22 |last= Eckstein |first= Sandy |publisher= WebMD}}{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=7FAJQsOQGBkC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=percentage+of+cats+that+die+of+cancer#v=onepage&q=percentage%20of%20cats%20that%20die%20of%20cancer&f=false | title = Cancer and Your Pet | accessdate = 2017-04-01 | last = Eldredge | first = Debra | publisher = Capital Books |via=Google Books| isbn = 9781931868860 | year = 2005 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url = http://www.petplace.com/cats/feline-cancer-what-are-the-warning-signs/page1.aspx | title = Feline Cancer: What are the Warning Signs? | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | last = Wells | first = Virginia | publisher = Intelligent Content Corp.}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.petsurgery.com/LymphomainCats.pdf | title = Lymphoma in Cats | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | publisher = Southern California Veterinary Specialty Hospital}} 5. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.petwave.com/Cats/Health/Skin/Tumors/Overview.aspx | title = Skin Tumors in Cats: An Overview | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | publisher = Petwave}} 6. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.petcancercenter.org/Cancer_Types_skin.html | title = Skin Cancer (tumors) in Cats and Dogs | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | date = 2011-10-16 | publisher = Pet Cancer Center}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook|last=Carlson|first=Delbert B.|last2=Griffin|first2=James M.|last3=Carlson|first3=Lisa|publisher=Howell Book House|date=1995|isbn=9780470095300|location=New York|pages=|doi=10.1002/9781118269305}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aK2XZdCiwdwC&pg=PA1058&dq=%22Lick+granuloma%22+%22alone%22#v=onepage&q=%22Lick%20granuloma%22%20%22alone%22&f=false|title=Muller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology|last=Muller|first=George H.|last2=Kirk|first2=Robert Warren|last3=Miller|first3=William Howard|last4=Griffin|first4=Craig E.|date=2001|publisher=W.B. Saunders|isbn=9780721676180}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/family/dogtalk/s_40912.html|title=Curbing dog's anxiety may lick the medical problem|last=Ross|first=John|website=TribLive.com|access-date=2018-07-20|date=2001-03-04}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://vet.osu.edu/vmc/companion/our-services/oncology-and-hematology/common-tumor-types/feline-mammary-tumors|title=Feline Mammary Tumors |publisher=Veterinary Medical Center|website=vet.osu.edu|access-date=2018-07-20}} 11. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.petcancercenter.org/Cancer_Types_Breast_Cats.html | title = Mammary Gland (Breast) Cancer in Cats | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | date = 2011-10-16 | publisher = Pet Cancer Center}} 12. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://petcancercenter.org/Cancer_Types_stomach.html | title = Stomach (Gastric) Cancer in Cats and Dogs | accessdate = 2012-03-22 | date = 2011-10-16 | publisher = Pet Cancer Center}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Blackwood|first1=L.|last2=Murphy|first2=S.|last3=Buracco|first3=P.|last4=De Vos|first4=J. P.|last5=De Fornel-Thibaud|first5=P.|last6=Hirschberger|first6=J.|last7=Kessler|first7=M.|last8=Pastor|first8=J.|last9=Ponce|first9=F.|last10=Savary-Bataille|first10=K.|last11=Argyle|first11=D. J.|date=September 2012|title=European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats|journal=Veterinary and Comparative Oncology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e1–e29|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x|pmid=22882486}}{{open access}} 14. ^Pinney, C (2004). A Complete Home Veterinary Guide, pp. 663–683. McGraw Hill, United States. 15. ^1 2 AScribe News. (2001). "Cats and Dogs Also Face Skin Cancer Danger From Sun." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 23. 16. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Hardy | first1 = W. D. | date = 1976 | title = Prevention of the contagious spread of feline leukaemia virus and the development of leukaemia in pet cats | journal = Nature | volume = 263| issue = 5575 | pages = 326–328 | doi = 10.1038/263326a0 }} 17. ^Syufy, Franny. (2012). "Care of a Pregnant Cat." Cats. Retrieved March 23. 18. ^"Sunburn (Solar Dermatitis) in Cats – Symptoms, Treatments and How to Avoid Solar Dermatitis in Cats. Cat World. (2012). Retrieved March 23. 19. ^Liz-Cat. (2010). "3 Ways to Help Your Cat Prevent Cancer Now." Natural Cat Care Blog. Retrieved March 23. 20. ^Nelson, Brenda. (2008). How to Prevent Cancer in Cats. Knoji. 21. ^{{cite journal|last=Pang|first=Lisa|author2=Argyle|title=Using naturally occurring tumours in dogs and cats to study telomerase and cancer stem cell biology|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|date=February 2009|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.010|pmid=19254761|volume=1792|issue=4|pages=380–391}} External links
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