“Bromide (language)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bromide in literary usage means a phrase, cliché, or platitude that is trite or unoriginal. It can be intended to soothe or placate; it can suggest insincerity or a lack of originality in the speaker.^[1]^[2] When hypostatized and embodied, in which the concept becomes a person, bromide can mean a commonplace or tiresome person, a bore.

A now outdated usage of bromide is a photographic print, stemming from the use of silver bromide in photographic films, emulsions and papers. Its original usage was as a chemical term, referring to bromine salts.

Etymology

Bromide has both literal and figurative meanings. The word originally derives from chemistry in which it can be used to describe a compound containing the element bromine, especially as a salt or bonded to an alkyl radical. Bromine was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826) and the first appearance in print of "bromide" as a chemical term has been attributed to 1836.^[2]^[3]

By the 1870s silver halides, such as silver bromide, were in commercial use as a photographic medium. Over time, especially in British Commonwealth countries, the word "bromide" came to mean a photographic print;^[2]^[4] exactly when this occurred is not clear. As digital photography replaced chemical-based photography at the end of the 20th century, this usage has declined.

Bromine salts were discovered by the mid 19th century to have calming effects on the central nervous system. In 1857 it was first reported in a medical journal that potassium bromide could be used as an anti-epileptic drug.^[5] This action derived from the sedative effects that were calming and tranquilizing but not sleep inducing. Its medicinal use grew so widespread in the latter half of that century that single hospitals might use as much as several tons in a year (the dose being a few grams per day per person).^[6] American physician Silas Weir Mitchell, considered to be the father of neurology, also reported lithium bromide to be an anticonvulsant and hypnotic in 1870; and later advocated use of all the bromides to calm "general nervousness."^[7] Sodium bromide had a narrower range of safety and efficacy but it was an ingredient in remedies such as Bromo-Seltzer that were popular for headaches and hangovers, in part due to the sedative effects.^[8]

By the turn of the 20th century, "bromide" was widely understood in the context of a being a sedative or being sedate. It was then, in April 1906, that American humorist Gelett Burgess (1866-1951) published an essay in The Smart Set, a magazine edited by George Jean Nathan and H. L. Mencken, called "The Sulphitic Theory". It was here where Burgess is credited for coining the usage of bromide as a personification of a sedate, dull person who said boring things.^[9]^[10] In the fall of 1906, he published a revised and enlarged essay in the form of a small book, Are You a Bromide?^[11] (Burgess is also credited for coining the term "blurb" at this same time.^[9] ) The book's full title was Are You a Bromide? Or, The Sulphitic Theory Expounded and Exemplified According to the Most Recent Researches Into the Psychology of Boredom: Including Many Well-known Bromidioms Now in Use. In these works he labeled a dull person as a "Bromide" contrasted with a "Sulphite" who was the opposite. Bromides meant either the boring person himself or the boring statement of that person, with Burgess providing many examples.

This usage persisted through the 20th century into the 21st century. Some well known quotes (or bromides) in current usage that appeared in Burgess' Are You a Bromide? include:

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bromide|title=The Free Dictionary}}
2. ^¹²{{cite web |title= Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition |url= http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bromide |publisher= HarperCollins Publishers |access-date=24 August 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web |title= A.Word.A.Day: bromide |url= http://wordsmith.org/words/bromide.html |publisher= Wordsmith.org |access-date=24 August 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web| url= https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/118108/meaning-of-the-word-bromide-in-an-additional-charge-for-special-presentations/118123| title= Meaning of the word "bromide" in "an additional charge for special presentations (e.g. bromides)"| accessdate= 27 August 2017| work= English Language Learners Stack Exchange| publisher= Stack Overflow| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827163532/https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/118108/meaning-of-the-word-bromide-in-an-additional-charge-for-special-presentations/118123| archivedate= 27 August 2017 }}
5. ^{{cite journal |last=Pearce|first=J.M.S.|date=2002 | title=Bromide, the first effective antiepileptic agent|journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=412 |PMID=11861713|doi=10.1136/jnnp.72.3.412|pmc=1737805}}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Alfred |last2=Gilman |first2=Louis S. |edition=4th |chapter=Chapter 10: Hypnotics and Sedatives |pages=121–2 |title= The Biological Basis of Therapeutics |publisher=MacMillan |year=1970 |location=London}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Silas W. |title=On the Exceptional Effects of Bromides |journal=Transactions of the Association of American Physicians |date=1896|volume=11|pages=195–205}}
8. ^{{cite web |url= https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/Bromo-Seltzer.pdf |title= Bromo-Seltzer in the Cobalt Blue Bottles |format=PDF |date=2014 |last1=Lockhart |last2=Schulz |last3=Lindsey |last4=Schriever |last5=Serr |publisher= Society for Historical Archaeology |access-date=24 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702205142/https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/Bromo-Seltzer.pdf| archivedate=2 July 2017}}
9. ^¹{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Alan A.|title=Predicting New Words - The Secrets of Their Success |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACsetPyuv8YC |accessdate=27 August 2017 |year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |isbn=0-618-13006-3 |pages=36–42}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.booktryst.com/2010/08/first-official-and-still-best.html |title= The First Official (and Still Best) Publisher's "Blurb" |last=Gertz |first=Stephen J. |date=17 August 2010|publisher=Booktryst |access-date=24 August 2017}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Gelett|title=Are You A Bromide, Or The Sulphitic Theory|date=October 1906|publisher=B.W. Huebsch|location=Internet Archive (archive.org)|pages=74|url=https://archive.org/details/areyouabromide00burgrich|accessdate=27 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.org/details/areyouabromide00burgrich|archivedate=2 May 2006}}