“Captorhinidae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Captorhinidae (also known as cotylosaurs) is one of the earliest and most basal reptile families, all members of which are extinct.

Description

Discovery and history

Until recently, Concordia cunninghami was thought to be the basalmost known member of Captorhinidae. A novel phylogenic study of primitive reptile relationships by Muller & Reisz in 2006 recovered Thuringothyris as a sister taxon of the Captorhinidae.^[3] The same results were obtained in later phylogenic analyses.^[4]^[5] Concordia is still the earliest known captorhinid as all other captorhinid taxa are known only from Permian deposits.^[3]

Captorhinidae contains a single subfamily, the Moradisaurinae. Moradisaurinae was named and assigned to the family Captorhinidae by A. D. Ricqlès and P. Taquet in 1982. Moradisaurinae was defined as "all captorhinids more closely related to Moradisaurus than to Captorhinus". The moradisaurines inhabited what is now China, Morocco, Niger, Russia, Texas and Oklahoma.^[4] The moradisaurines were insectivores/herbivores, meaning that they only ate insects and plant life.^[5]

Captorhinids were once thought to be the ancestors of turtles. The Middle Permian reptile Eunotosaurus from South Africa was seen as the "missing link" between cotylosaurs and chelonians throughout much of the early 20th century.^[6] However, more recent fossil finds have shown that Eunotosaurus is a parareptile unrelated to either turtles or captorhinids.^[7]

Classification

Taxonomy

The following taxonomy follows Reisz et al., 2011 and Sumida et al., 2010 unless otherwise noted.^[4]^[8]

Phylogeny

The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Robert R. Reisz, Jun Liu, Jin-Ling Li and Johannes Müller.^[4]

Paleobiology

Caudal autotomy

Histological and SEM analysis of Captorhinid tail vertebrae concluded in a 2018 study that Captorhinid reptiles were the first amniotes to develop caudal autotomy as a defensive function. In studied specimens a split line is present in certain caudal vertebrae that is similar to those found in modern reptiles that perform caudal autonomy. Survey of other amniotes from the locality as well as worldwide lead the authors to consider this the first presence of caudal autotomy in an amniote. This behaviour represented significant evolutionary benefit for the animals, allowing for escape and distracting predators, as well as minimizing blood loss at an injury site. In carnivore-dominated ecosystems, this behaviour would have been extremely beneficial.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last=Goodrich|first=E.S.|title=On the classification of the Reptilia|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|volume= 89B|pages=261–276|year=1916|doi=10.1098/rspb.1916.0012}}
2. ^[https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/VAMP/article/download/24960/18848 Multiple tooth-rowed captorhinids from the early Permian fissure fills of the Bally Mountain Locality of Oklahoma]
3. ^¹Muller, J. and Reisz, R.R. (2006). "The phylogeny of early eureptiles: Comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade." Systematic Biology, 55(3):503-511. {{doi|10.1080/10635150600755396}}
4. ^¹²³{{Cite journal|author1=Robert R. Reisz |author2=Jun Liu |author3=Jin-Ling Li |author4=Johannes Müller |year=2011 |title=A new captorhinid reptile, Gansurhinus qingtoushanensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Permian of China |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x566m146813g0236/ |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0793-0 |pmid=21484260}}
5. ^¹²The Paleobiology Database: Moradisaurinae {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004042054/http://www.paleodatabase.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=134808 |date=2011-10-04 }}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=D.M.S. |year=1914 |title=Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley and the ancestors of the Chelonia |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=11 |pages=1011–1020}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.all-about-reptiles.com/facts-about-turtles.html |title=Facts About Turtles: Eunotosaurus And Turtle Evolution |work=All-About-Reptiles.com |accessdate=1 August 2010}}
8. ^¹²{{cite journal |last=Sumida |first=S.S. |author2=Dodick, J. |author3=Metcalf, A. |author4=Albright, G. |year=2010 |title=Reiszorhinus olsoni, a new single-tooth-rowed captorhinid reptile of the Lower Permian of Texas |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a922417256~frm=abslink |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=704–714 |doi=10.1080/02724631003758078}}
9. ^{{cite journal|author1=Nor-Eddine Jalil |author2=Jean-Michel Dutuit |year=1996 |title=Permian captorhinid reptiles from the Argana formation, Morocco |url=http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%2039/Pages%20907-918.pdf |journal=Palaeontology |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=907–918 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051119/http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%2039/Pages%20907-918.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite journal |author=W. J. May |author2=Richard L. Cifelli |last-author-amp=yes |year=1998 |title=Baeotherates fortsillensis, A New Captorhinid Reptile from the Fort Sill Fissures, Lower Permian of Oklahoma |journal=Oklahoma Geology Notes |volume=58 |issue= |pages=128–137 }}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=LeBlanc|first=A. R. H.|last2=MacDougall|first2=M. J.|last3=Haridy|first3=Y.|last4=Scott|first4=D.|last5=Reisz|first5=R. R.|date=2018-03-05|title=Caudal autotomy as anti-predatory behaviour in Palaeozoic reptiles|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21526-3|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-21526-3|issn=2045-2322}}