| 词条 | Carihuairazo |
| 释义 |
| name = Carihuairazo | photo = Chimborazy y Carihuairazo desde Quisapincha 1.JPG | photo_caption = Carihuayrazo left of bigger Chimborazo as seen from the north | elevation_m = 5018 | elevation_ref = | prominence_m = | prominence_ref= | range = Andes, Cordillera Occidental | location = Ecuador | map = Ecuador |relief=1 | range_coordinates = | map_size = 250 | label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|01|24|25|S|78|45|00|W|type:mountain_region:EC_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | topo = IGM, CT-ÑIV-C1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080627110716/http://www.igm.gov.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_C1_ALTA.jpg] | type = Caldera | age = Paleogene (Gomez 1994) | last_eruption = Unknown | first_ascent = 1951 A. Eichler, H.L. Uribe, J. Morawiecki | easiest_route = glacier/snow/rock climb AD }} Mount Carihuairazo (also Carihuayrazo) is a volcanic caldera neighboured by Ecuador's highest mountain Chimborazo. GeographyLocationCarihuairazo is located in the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes of central Ecuador, {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of the capital Quito. Its neighboured by 6,310 m high Chimborazo. The nearest cities are Riobamba (~30 km to the southeast), Ambato (~30 km to the northeast) and Guaranda (~30 km to the southwest). Carihuairazo's 1.5 km wide heavy eroded caldera opens to the east. The Carihuairazo forms part of the "Reserva de Produccion Faunistica Chimborazo" which forms a protected ecosystem to preserve the habitat for the andens native camelids Vicuña, Llama and Alpaca. GlacierCarihuairazo's Glacier lost almost all of its mass during the last decade as a result of global warming and ash covers caused by the recent volcanic activity[1] of its eastern neighbour Tungurahua. At current rate Carihuairazo's Glacier is expected to completely disappear between 2020 and 2030.[2] VolcanismCarihuairazo must have been a Volcano of similar dimensions to its neighbour Chimborazo before explosions during the last period of activity destroyed the mass of the peak, leaving today's caldera. There is no evidence of historic activity and Carihuayrazo is considered inactive. HistoryEtymologyAn interpretation of its name is that it's a combination of the Quichua words Cari (man), huay (wind) and razu (Ice/Snow) (Schmudlach 2001). Local Indian mythology narrates that Carihuairazo and El Altar which are both volcanic calderas have been destroyed by Taita (Father) Chimborazo fighting for the grace of Mamá Tungurahua. First AscentCarihuairazo was climbed by Edward Whymper, the cousins Louis and Jean-Antoine Carrel, and Ecuadorians David Beltran and Francisco Campaña, during their 1880 Ecuador expedition. It is not entirely clear from Whymper's description, but some people believe that they climbed the Mocha (4,960m) and not the Maxim summit (5,018m). The first ascent of the Maxim summit is therefore attributed to Arturo Eichler,[3] Horacio Lopez Uribe and Jean Morawiecki[4] in 1951.[5] Whymper and his companions ascended in cloudy conditions, believing the east peak (Mocha) to be the higher one. When the clouds cleared on their descent, Whymper said they could see they had climbed the west peak. It is likely that he meant the central summit, which is just west of Mocha.[6] ClimbingDue to the glacier retreat and its consequences climbing Carihuairazo has shifted from a PD glacier route with some rock scrambling to an AD route with a technical climb to the summit tower (Maxima, 5,018m).
RoutesThe normal route to Carihuairazo Maxima (5,018m) starts from a camping spot at ~4,600m, reaching the main ridge either via the SW-ridge or from West via the glacier, followed by a difficult technical climb to reach the summit tower. {{clear}}See also{{portal|Geography|South America|Ecuador|Mountains|Volcanoes}}
References
| last = Gomez | first = Nelson | title = Atlas del Ecuador | publisher = Editorial Ediguias | year= 1994 | isbn = 9978-89-009-2 }}
|last=IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador) |title=Chimborazo Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-C1 |year=1991 |url=http://www.igm.gov.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_C1_ALTA.jpg |accessdate=2008-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627110716/http://www.igm.gov.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_C1_ALTA.jpg |archivedate=2008-06-27 |df= }}
| last = Neate | first = Jill | title = Mountaineering in the Andes | publisher = Expedition Advisory Centre | year= 1994 | isbn = 0-907649-64-5 }}
| last = Schmudlach | first = Günter | title = Bergführer Ecuador | publisher = Panico Alpinverlag | year= 2001 | isbn = 3-926807-82-2 }} Notes1. ^Tungurahua's recent activity period started in 1999 with the most significant eruptions between October and December 1999 and May and July 2006 ({{cite web|title=Actividad Volcan Tungurahua |publisher=Instituto Geofísico, EPN Ecuador |url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/actividad.htm |accessdate=2006-08-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501165112/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/actividad.htm |archivedate=2006-05-01 |deadurl=yes |df= }}) 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldpreservationfoundation.org/blog/category/water/glaciers-and-ice-sheets/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-03-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512064625/http://www.worldpreservationfoundation.org/blog/category/water/glaciers-and-ice-sheets/ |archivedate=2013-05-12 |df= }} Article from World Preservation Foundation 3. ^In 1934 Arturo Eichler emigrated for political reasons from Germany to Ecuador, he later became an important ecologist in Venezuela ({{cite web |title=Arturo Eichler - Biografia |publisher=Fundacion la Era Agricola |url=http://www.eraagricola.org/arturoeichler.htm |accessdate=2006-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109070418/http://www.eraagricola.org/arturoeichler.htm |archivedate=2007-01-09 |df= }}) 4. ^Jean Morawiecki was interim in charge of the French Embassy in Ecuador 1950/51 ({{cite web |title=Ambassade |publisher=Ambassade de l'Equateur en France |url=http://www.ambassade-equateur.fr/ambassade.htm |accessdate=2006-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705090543/http://www.ambassade-equateur.fr/ambassade.htm |archivedate=2006-07-05 |df= }}) 5. ^Neate, Jill. Mountaineering in the Andes: A Sourcebook for Climbers. Royal Geographical Society, 1994, p.24. 6. ^Whymper, Edward. Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. John Murray, 1892, p.317. External links
2 : Volcanoes of Ecuador|Five-thousanders of the Andes |
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