词条 | Carlos Cruz-Diez |
释义 |
| name = Carlos Cruz-Diez | image = Carlos Cruz Diez (1995).png | alt = Carlos Cruz-Diez in studio (1995) | caption = Cruz-Diez in 1995. | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1923|08|17|mf=y}} | birth_place = Caracas, Venezuela | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Venezuelan | other_names = | occupation = Visual artist | years_active = | known_for = Kinetic art Op art | notable_works = Physicromie Series }}Carlos Cruz-Diez (born August 17, 1923 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan artist considered to be one of the greatest artistic innovators of the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] He is believed to be one of the fathers and greatest figures of kinetic and op art,[2][3] and has been called a 'master of color' and line, adept at creating fluid, participatory visual experiences. His work invites philosophical conversation on ontology and perception.[4] His body of work has established him as one of the key 20th-century thinkers in the realm of color. Cruz-Diez’s research has contributed to a new way of understanding color phenomena in art, greatly expanding its perceptual universe. In his works, Cruz-Diez shows that through interaction with the viewer, color becomes an autonomous, evolving reality, devoid of anecdotes, which develops in real time and space.[5] He has spent his professional career working and teaching between both Paris and Caracas. His work is represented in museums and public art sites internationally, such as Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Tate Modern, London; Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Centre Pompidou, París; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Colonia, and others.[6][7] He is represented by three American galleries: Sicardi Gallery in Houston, Texas, Moka Gallery in Chicago, Illinois, and Maxwell Davidson Gallery in New York City. Early life and educationCruz-Diez was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Cruz-Diez attended the School of Plastic and Applied Arts in Caracas in 1940 and received a degree in art education and manual arts in 1945.[8]{{rp|342}} CareerFrom 1944 to 1945 he worked as a publications designer for Creole Petroleum Corporation. From 1946 through 1951 Cruz-Diez was art director at the McCann Erickson Advertising Agency in Caracas and New York in 1947.[9]{{rp|342}} In 1957, he returned to Venezuela and worked at his studio, Estudio de Artes Visuales, and started investigating the role of color in kinetic art. He also worked as a graphic designer for the Education Ministry publications, Caracas.[10] During 1958–1960, he served as the Assistant Director and Professor at the Caracas School of Fine Arts. During 1959–60, he also taught Typographie and Graphic Design at the School of Journalism, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas. In 1965, Cruz-Diez the Centre culturel Noroit, Arras, France, as a graphic designer. During 1972–73, he taught Kinetic Techniques at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris and Unité d'enseignement et de recherche. From 1973 to 1980, he served as a member of the jury for diploma of École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. From 1986 to 1993, he was the Titular Professor and Director of the Art Unit of the Institute of Advanced Studies (IDEA), Caracas.[11] InfluencesDuring Cruz-Diez's time in school, he studied the work of Georges Seurat and Josef Albers, both artists who experimented with color relationships, aesthetics and perception.[12] While in Europe, he was not only influenced by the Art Movements, he also was influenced by the European surrounding, particularly the plant life, which differed so much from the plant life in his native Venezuela. (concepts of art) He could have, quite possibly been drawn to the variance in color and form. Cruz-Diez is often associated with two Venezuelan Kinetic Artists, Jesús Rafael Soto and Alejandro Otero. All three artists share aesthetic similarities in structure and form, and are considered to have secured Venezuela's position in the international art world. Although Cruz-Diez arrived in Paris ten years after Soto, their national and artistic connections are apparent. Social and political contextAfter World War II several Venezuelan artists were able to study abroad, often in Paris.[13] At the same time the culture began to change because of industrialization and urbanization, which was directly tied to Venezuela’s exportation of oil. The new challenges faced by the development of modernity presented a receptive audience for Cruz-Diez, which allowed for a break in the traditional artists of Venezuela. (Traditionally painters before 1950) The new cultural climate, which was receptive to the Kinetic Artist, was directly linked to the new technological advancements represented by the Kinetic artists.[14] During 1948–1958 Venezuela existed under a military rule – and the Venezuelan Kinetic artists were often associated with elite social group because they were embraced by the government and supported and commissioned by industry and corporations.[15] Cruz-Diez’s Op Art became popular with the political elite, often because the art lacked any political message. Description of styleCruz-Diez has consistently worked through his career focusing solely on color, line and (viewer) perception. His visual style can be consistently identified throughout his work spanning his entire career. His work contains an element in which the viewer actively participates in viewing the work because the color changes and presents a sensation of movement as the relative position of the viewer changes. Cruz-Diez uses the moiré effect to produce this sensation of motion by his particular composition of lines.[16] Because the image of his work changes as the viewer changes locations, he refers to this changing effect of the image as “vibrations.” [17] In 1959 Cruz-Diez started working in radiation of color, essentially colored light – which is a form of wavelengths, and abandoned paint as a medium. Cruz-Diez often referred to environment and events and part the experience of viewing his art. Because he was working with light and perception, his environment most likely needed to be controlled. Since the perception of the piece changes with the viewer movement, the individual images presented were considered events. Interesting enough these were terms used by the Fluxus group, who were also internationally based, and working around the same time, the late fifties and early sixties. Throughout his career Cruz-Diez has focused on four types of self-defined op art Categories: Physichoromies, Choromointerferences, Chromosaturations, and Transchromies.[18] All of his color-based experiments focus on variations of the observer’s position in relation to the work, the light directed at the work, and the relationship between the colors presented. Of the above mentions, seemingly, the most popular and possibly most archival is the Physichromie, which are all entitled “Physichromie” with a number listed after to indicate its uniqueness. (see list and images) He also created sensory deconditioning rooms, which provided an experience that included visual, sound and tactile experience, a total phrenological experience.[12] InterpretationCruz-Diez is often associated with the Kinetic Art Movement, which relies on movement, particularly that of the object. As an Op or Operational Artist, Cruz-Diez relies on the movement of the viewer rather than the movement of the art object itself. The Op Movement stems directly from the Kinetic Movement, and is often considered a part of the Kinetic Movement as well. Cruz-Diez has been consistent throughout his career in pursuing his interest in colour, and presenting his formal sensibility. His work presents geometric abstracted forms with a strong emphasis on colour, to create a visual experience. Because of Cruz-Diez's attention to colour, line and space (environment), his work has significant form, as defined by Clive Bell.[19] Cruz-Diez breaks down color and form to their elemental qualities, and engages the viewer on an emotional level without the use of naturalistic imagery. Bell defined aesthetic emotion as a unique response to the viewer’s experience while engaging with a work of art. Cruz-Diez proactively engages the viewer in this experience by the constantly changing line and color. LegacyOn December 17, 1997, the Carlos Cruz-Diez Print and Design Museum in Caracas, Venezuela, opened to the public. The museum offers education and resources to the general public to expand artistic audiences, while supporting contemporary Venezuelan artists. The museum will strive to create a, “graphic image of the country,” [20] Carlos-Cruz Diez serves as founder and president. One of Cruz-Diez's sculptures, constructed in Caracas, Venezuela, was recently demolished to make way for a scenic view of a port. It was noted that the structure was covered in graffiti, not maintained by public works and became more of an eyesore than a work of art. After Cruz-Diez offered to send his own studio apprentices to help with the restoration of the work, to Cruz-Diez's and several art advocacy groups' disapproval, the Caracas government continued with the demolition.[21] Recently, a contemporary London-based Venezuelan artist, Jaime Gili, exhibited "Homenaje a Cruz-Diez, 2006" in Riflemaker Gallery, Soho, NY using colored tiles and metal sheets. The pieces of tiles came directly from Cruz-Diez now defunct public structure, "Fisicromia Homenaje a Don Andres Bello, 1982.[22] This homage to the Venezuelan icon represents the impact Cruz-Diez has left on the new generation of emerging artists with cultural ties to Venezuela. In contrast to the isolated incident of the demolition his public work, he has been commemorated by the museum, designed a piece for the Caracas International Airport. He specializes in kinetic art, as well as trying to promote Venezuelan art into the international art scene. Cruz-Diez is also said to have served as Miuccia Prada's inspiration for a recent succession of Prada boutiques that pay homage to the artist. Designed by Italian architect Roberto Baciocchi for the brand's locations in London's Westfield Stratford City, Qingdao, Harbin, and Shenyang, the architecture features backlit vertical compositions that jut out in high relief to create an optical illusion, with their series of aluminium, steel and golden blades producing a moiré effect often associated with the artist.[23] In 1997, Cruz-Diez was appointed for life the president and member of the superior council of the "Museo de la Estampa y del Diseño Carlos Cruz-Diez" Foundation, Caracas. In 1998, he was appointed as an honorary member of Academia de Ciencias, Arte y Letras, Mérida, Venezuela. Carlos Cruz-Diez has had individual exhibitions in several museums and galleries, including Museo de Bellas Artes in Caracas (1955), Museum am Ostwall in Dortmund (1966), XXXV Venice Biennale in Italy (1970), and Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico (1976). He was a special guest at the 1986 Venice Biennale. His works have recently sold in US auction at $55,000[24] He is represented in museums internationally, and is a pioneer in artistic color theory and perception. Despite his lack of political content in his work, he still remains an international Venezuelan icon, because of the progress contributed to the fine and graphic art worlds in Caracas and abroad. It has been noted that Kinetic Art is to Venezuela what Muralism is to Mexico.[14] By January 2014, Carlos Cruz Diez and, the Venezuelan designer, Oscar Carvallo showed their collection[25] at Paris Fashion Week. Stage design and art merged letting Cruz Diez’s creation be present in the outfits designed by Carvallo. Because of his attention to light and color aesthetics he belongs to a lineage that includes all colorists, such as Seurat, Cézanne, Albers, and Frank Stella. Exhibitions
Selected works
Awards
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300169942/carlos-cruz-diez|title=Carlos Cruz-Diez {{!}} Yale University Press|website=yalebooks.yale.edu|access-date=2017-08-18}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidsongallery.com/news/carlos-cruz-diez-received-turner-medal-award-2015|title=Carlos Cruz-Diez received Turner Medal Award 2015 - News - Maxwell Davidson Gallery|website=www.davidsongallery.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-18}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://hk.asiatatler.com/arts-culture/arts/art-talk-carlos-cruz-diez|title=Art Talk: Carlos Cruz-Diez On The Magic Of Colour|work=Hong Kong Tatler|access-date=2017-08-18|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://fitzandco.art/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/11_14-Carlos-Cruz-Diez-SCAD-deFINE-ART-2017-Press-Release.pdf|title=SCAD President and Founder|last=Wallace|first=Paula|date=|website=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.scad.edu/event/2017-02-21-carlos-cruz-diez-exhibition-chroma|title=Carlos Cruz-Diez exhibition: 'Chroma' {{!}} SCAD.edu|work=SCAD.edu|access-date=2017-08-18|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite news|title=Venezolano Cruz-Díez recomienda el arte para conseguir "paz social"|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/150228/venezolano-cruz-diez-recomienda-el-arte-para-conseguir-paz-social|accessdate=March 26, 2015|publisher=El Universal|date=February 28, 2015|language=Spanish}} 7. ^{{cite news|title="Light Show" at The Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|url=http://en.artmediaagency.com/103510/light-show-at-the-museum-of-contemporary-art-australia/|accessdate=March 26, 2015|agency=Art Media Agency|date=March 2, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Ades|first1=Dawn|last2=Brett|first2=Guy|last3=Catlin|first3=Stanton L.|last4=O'Neill|first4=Rosemary|title=Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980.|date=1989|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-04556-7|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/art-in-latin-america-the-modern-era-1820-1980/oclc/20019495/viewport|oclc=20019495}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Ades|first1=Dawn|last2=Brett|first2=Guy|last3=Catlin|first3=Stanton L.|last4=O'Neill|first4=Rosemary|title=Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980.|date=1989|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-04556-7|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/art-in-latin-america-the-modern-era-1820-1980/oclc/20019495/viewport|oclc=20019495}} 10. ^Chilvers, Ian. The Oxford Dictionary of Art, Third Edition, London: Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-860476-1}} 11. ^Bio and Resume from Moka Gallery, retrieved on 2007-7-30 12. ^1 Turner, Jane. The Grove Dictionary of Art. London: Oxford University Press 1996. 13. ^Sullivan, Edward. Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. 1996 14. ^1 Traba, Marta. Art of Latin America 1900–1980. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1994 15. ^Barnitz, Jacqueline. Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001e 16. ^Popper, Frank. Origins and Development of Kinetic Art. Greenwich: New York Graphic Society Ltd. 1968 17. ^Stangos, Nikos. Concepts of Modern Art. London: Thames and Hudson 1981 18. ^Gale Group, The. "Carlos Cruz-Diez." Contemporary Artists, 5th ed. St. James Press, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/Bio 19. ^Francina, Francis. Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. New York: Haper and Row Publishers 1982 20. ^Benko, Susana. Inauguration of the Carlos Cruz-Diez Print and Design Museum. Art Nexus no28 (May/July 1998) p. 36 21. ^Marquez, Humberto. VENEZUELA: PUSH TO 'TEAR DOWN THIS WALL' ANGERS MURAL ARTIST, Inter Press Service November 16, 2005 22. ^Schwabsky, Barry. Review: Jamie Gili: Riflemaker. Artforum May 2006 23. ^Ellen Himelfarb (June 20, 2012), Prada's latest retail tribute to artist Carlos Cruz-Diez Wallpaper. 24. ^Hodge, Shelby. Latin American Art / Sold! Auction reaps rewards for MFAH, Houston Chronicle. March 15, 2007 25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/escenas/colaboracion-Cruz-Diez-Oscar-Carvallo-Paris_0_398360163.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082752/http://www.el-nacional.com/escenas/colaboracion-Cruz-Diez-Oscar-Carvallo-Paris_0_398360163.html |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 26. ^http://www.as-coa.org/exhibitions/carlos-cruz-diez-informed-color 27. ^http://www.as-coa.org/within-light-trap-carlos-cruz-diez-black-and-white 28. ^http://www.louissternfinearts.com/evolving-color 29. ^{{cite news|title=Carlos Cruz-Diez at Marlborough Gallery, Monaco|url=http://en.artmediaagency.com/102551/carlos-cruz-diez-at-marlborough-gallery-monaco/|accessdate=6 August 2015|agency=Art Media Agency|date=18 February 2015}} 30. ^{{cite news|last1=Grishin|first1=Sasha|title=Intense and immersive: Light Show at the Museum of Contemporary Art|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/intense-and-immersive-light-show-at-the-museum-of-contemporary-art-20150612-ghafu4.html|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 May 2015}} 31. ^{{cite news|title=Obras de Carlos Cruz-Diez se exhiben en Alemania|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/150707/obras-de-carlos-cruz-diez-se-exhiben-en-alemania|accessdate=14 July 2015|publisher=El Universal (Caracas)|date=7 July 2015}} 32. ^{{cite news|title=Carlos Cruz-Diez Wins The Turner Medal For Colour 2015|url=http://www.artlyst.com/articles/carlos-cruzdiez-wins-the-turner-medal-for-colour-2015|accessdate=April 29, 2015|publisher=artlyst|date=April 3, 2015}} Other sources{{refbegin}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Carlos Cruz-Díez}}
7 : 1923 births|Living people|People from Caracas|Venezuelan sculptors|Venezuelan painters|Venezuelan expatriates in France|Op art |
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