| 词条 | Brown shrike |
| 释义 |
| name = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Lanius cristatus - Surin.jpg | image_caption = In Thailand | genus = Lanius | species = cristatus | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | range_map = LaniusAsiaMap.svg | range_map_caption = Breeding ranges | synonyms = Otomela cristata {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} }} The brown shrike (Lanius cristatus) is a bird in the shrike family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the red-backed shrike (L. collurio) and isabelline shrike (L. isabellinus). The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific cristatus is Latin for "crested", used in a broader sense than in English.[2] The common English name "shrike" is from Old English scríc, "shriek", referring to the shrill call.[3] Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey. Several populations of this widespread species form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate Asia and migrate to their winter quarters in tropical Asia. They are sometimes found as vagrants in Europe and North America. DescriptionThis shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with rufous flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white "mirror" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch.[4] The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds.[5] Subspecies lucionensis has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back.[6] The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the red-backed shrike.[7] Younger birds of lucionensis have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Supspecies superciliosus has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white.[8][9] A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of cristatus, isabellinus and collurio overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as phoenicuroides formerly considered as subspecies of L. cristatus have been moved to the species L. isabellinus.[6][10] Subspecies lucionensis has been recorded interbreeding with superciliosus in Ishikawa, Japan[11] while superciliosus has interbred with Lanius tigrinus in central Japan.[12] DistributionThe nominate form breeds in northern Asia from Mongolia to Siberia and winters in South Asia, Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. The race confusus described from the same region is not well marked but is said to have a wider white brow and paler upperparts and is sometimes included within the nominate population. Subspecies superciliosus (sometimes called the Japanese shrike) breeds on the islands of Sakhalin, Kuril and Japan and winters in Hainan, Sumatra, Java, and the Sundas. Subspecies lucionensis, sometimes known as the Philippine shrike (local names: tarat or pakis-kis),[13][14][15] breeds in Korea and eastern China wintering mainly in Taiwan and the Philippines but also on the Andaman Islands and in peninsular India.[6][16][17][18] Stuart Baker suggested that the species may breed in the Cachar Hills of Assam but the idea was questioned by Claud Buchanan Ticehurst.[19] This species is rare in Europe and vagrants have been recorded in the United States and Canada.[20][21][22] Behaviour and ecologyThe brown shrike is a migratory species and ringing studies show that they have high fidelity to their wintering sites, often returning to the same locations each winter.[23][24][25] They begin establishing wintering territories shortly after arrival and their loud chattering or rattling calls are distinctive. Birds that arrive early and establish territories appear to have an advantage over those that arrive later in the winter areas.[26][27] The timing of their migration is very regular with their arrival in winter to India in August and September and departure in April.[28] During their winter period, they go through a premigratory moult.[23] Their song in the winter quarters is faint and somewhat resembles the call of the rosy starling and often includes mimicry of other birds. The beak remains closed when singing and only throat pulsations are visible although the bird moves its tail up and down while singing.[7][29] The breeding season is late May or June and the breeding habitat includes the taiga, forest to semi-desert where they build a nest in a tree or bush, laying two to six eggs.[30] They feed mainly on insects, especially Lepidoptera.[31] Like other shrikes, they impale prey on thorns. Small birds and lizards are also sometimes preyed upon.[32] A white-eye (Zosterops) has been recorded in its larder.[7] They typically look out for prey from a perch and fly down towards the ground to capture them.[33] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22705011 |title=Lanius cristatus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= 142, 219}} 3. ^{{Cite OED |Shrike}} 4. ^{{cite journal|title=A sexual difference in plumage of Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, M|year=1996| journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=28|issue=2|pages=103–105|doi=10.3312/jyio1952.28.103}} 5. ^{{cite journal|journal=Jap. J. Ornithol.|volume=45|issue=3|pages=187–190|year=1996|title=Sexual Size Dimorphism and Sex Determination of a Brown Shrike subspecies, Lanius cristatus superciliosus|author=Takagi, Masaoki|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjo1986/45/3/45_3_187/_pdf|doi=10.3838/jjo.45.187}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|pages=349–350}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=SD Ripley |lastauthoramp=yes | title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5|edition=2nd| pages=98–100|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}} 8. ^{{cite book| title= A manual of Philippine birds. Part 1| author=McGregor, RC| year=1909| publisher= Bureau of Printing, Manila| pages= 596–599|url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofphilippi00mcgr#page/596/mode/1up}} 9. ^{{cite journal|author=Worfolk, Tim |year=2000|title= Identification of red-backed, isabelline and brown shrikes|journal=Dutch Birding|volume=22|issue=6|pages=323–362|url=http://www.dutchbirding.nl/content/journal/pdf/2000-6.pdf}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Mauersberger|first=G |first2=L A |last2=Portenko |year=1971|chapter=Lanius collurio L., Lanius isabellinus Hemprich u. Ehrenberg und Lanius cristatus L.|chapter-url=http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/martens/atlas/03_lanius_collurio.pdf|title=Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel|volume=III|language=German|publisher=Akademie-verlag, Berlin|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=A case of hybridization in Brown Shrike subspecies， Lanius cristatus lucionensis and L．c．supercillosus in Kanazawa|author=Ishizuka, T |journal=Strix |volume=9|pages=71–75|url=http://www.wbsj.org/nature/public/strix/09/Strix09_08.pdf}} 12. ^{{cite journal| title= Interspecific Pair of a Male Brown and a Female Thick-billed Shrike, Lanius cristatus superciliosus and L. tigrinus, and Their Hybrids at Nobeyama Plateau in Central Japan|author1=Imanishi, S |author2=Yoshimitsu Shigeta |author3=Toshiyuki Yoshino |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol.| volume=38|issue=2 | pages=90–96| year=2007 |url= https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jyio/38/2/38_2_90/_pdf| doi=10.3312/jyio.38.90}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Robert|title=A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198546689|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fPDxk551AhkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+the+Philippines#v=onepage&q=A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Birds%20of%20the%20Philippines&f=false}} 14. ^{{cite web|last=Ocon|first=Romy|title=Brown Shrike - Bird Watch (Pbase)|url=http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/gallery/brownshrike.html|publisher=Wild Bird Club of the Philippines|accessdate=1 October 2013}} 15. ^{{cite web|last=Obon|first=Romy|title=Trees of Alabang hills|url=http://www.manilaoldtimer.net/Trees%20of%20Alabang%20Hills/birds.html|publisher=Manila Old Timer|accessdate=1 October 2013}} 16. ^{{cite journal|title=Occurrence of Lanius cristatus lucionensis in the Western Ghats, Kerala|author1=Balachandran S |author2=Rajan Sehgal |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=105|issue=2|year=2008|pages=220–221|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48379109}} 17. ^{{cite journal|author1=Balachandran, S |author2=Rajan, S Alagar |year=1994|title= Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis, a regular winter visitor to South India|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=91|issue=1|pages=143–144}} 18. ^{{cite journal|author1=Mohapatra, KK |author2=Santharam, V |year=1992|title= Occurrence of the Philippine Shrike Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linn. in coastal Andhra Pradesh|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–256|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732719}} 19. ^{{cite journal|author= Ticehurst, Claud B |year= 1936| title=The Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus Linn.) in Burma and Assam| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.| volume=38|issue=4|pages=824–825|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47603220}} 20. ^{{cite journal|author1=King, B. |author2=D. Finch |author3=R. Stallcup |author4=W. Russell |last-author-amp=yes |title= First North American sighting of Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) and Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus), and second of Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula parva)|journal= American Birds |year=1978|volume=32|pages=158–160}} 21. ^{{cite journal|author1=Foxall, Roger |author2=Ian McLaren |lastauthoramp=yes |title= A Brown Shrike in Halifax, Nova Scotia: First for Canada|journal= Birders Journal |year=1998|volume=7|issue=1|pages=32–36}} 22. ^{{cite news|date=3 November 2017|title=Rare bird seen in Malta for the first time: Brown Shrike spotted in the south by BirdLife|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20171103/local/rare-bird-seen-in-malta-for-the-first-time.662104|work=Times of Malta}} 23. ^1 {{cite journal|title=A ringing study of the migratory brown shrike in West Malaysia| author=Lord Medway|journal=Ibis |volume=112|issue=2|pages=184–198| year=1970|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00092.x}} 24. ^{{cite journal|title=Non-breeding site fidelity in Northern Shrikes|author1=Rimmer, CC |author2=CH Darmstadt |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1996|journal= J. Field Ornithol.| volume= 67|issue=3|pages=360–366}} 25. ^{{cite journal| title= Philopatry and Habitat Selection in Bull-Headed and Brown Shrikes |author=Takagi, Masaoki|journal= Journal of Field Ornithology|volume= 74| issue=1 |year= 2003| pages=45–52|doi=10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.45}} 26. ^{{cite journal|title=Territory strategy of the migratory Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus| author=Severinghaus, Lucia Liu|journal=Ibis| year=1996| volume = 138| issue=3|pages=460–465 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08065.x| citeseerx=10.1.1.693.1524}} 27. ^{{cite journal|author=Betts, FN |year=1929|title= Distribution of the Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus cristatus|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=33|issue=3|page=714|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47489886}} 28. ^{{cite journal|author=Law, SC |year=1928|title=On the migratory habit of Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn. as observed in the city of Calcutta|journal=Ibis|volume=70|issue=3|pages=478–480|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1928.tb08732.x}} 29. ^{{cite journal| author= Praveen, J |year=1995| title= The song of the Brown Shrike|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers | volume=35| issue=1|page=18| url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW35_1#page/n18/mode/1up}} 30. ^{{cite book| pages=240–242| title= A manual of palearctic birds. Part 1|year=1902|author=Dresser, HE| publisher=Self published, London| url=https://archive.org/stream/manualofpalarc01dresrich#page/n261/mode/2up}} 31. ^{{cite journal|author=Yosef, Reuven |year=2004 |title=Perch-site use and inter- and intraspecific aggression of migratory Brown Shrikes (Lanius cristatus) in Southern Taiwan|journal= Biological Lett.|volume=41 |issue=2|pages=113–118|url=http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_41_2_8.pdf }} 32. ^{{cite journal| author= Ganguli, U |year=1962| title= The Redtailed Skink as a food for birds|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers | volume=2|issue= 5| pages= 4–5| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW2#page/n64/mode/1up}} 33. ^{{cite book|author1=Severinghaus, L. L. |author2=C. T. Liang |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1995 |chapter= Food and foraging of the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) in Taiwan|pages=194–199|editor=Yosef, R.|editor2=F. E. Lohrer|title=Shrikes (Laniidae) of the world: biology and conservation. (Proc. of the First Int. Shrike Symposium – Proc. of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, No. 6)|publisher=Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, USA}} Other sources
External links{{Commons category|Lanius cristatus}}
3 : Lanius|Birds of Asia|Birds described in 1758 |
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