| 词条 | Cartesianism |
| 释义 |
Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. Sensation and the perception of reality are thought to be the source of untruth and illusions, with the only reliable truths to be had in the existence of a metaphysical mind. Such a mind can perhaps interact with a physical body, but it does not exist in the body, nor even in the same physical plane as the body. The question of how mind and body interact would be a persistent difficulty for Descartes and his followers, with different Cartesians providing different answers.[4] OntologyDescartes held that all existence consists in three distinct substances, each with its own essence:[4]
EpistemologyDescartes brought the question of how reliable knowledge may be obtained (epistemology) to the fore of philosophical enquiry. Many consider this to be Descartes' most lasting influence on the history of philosophy.[5] Cartesianism is a form of rationalism because it holds that scientific knowledge can be derived a priori from 'innate ideas' through deductive reasoning. Thus Cartesianism is opposed to both Aristotelianism and empiricism, with their emphasis on sensory experience as the source of all knowledge of the world.[4] For Descartes, the faculty of deductive reason is supplied by God and may therefore be trusted because God would not deceive us.[4][6][7] Geographical dispersalIn the Netherlands, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers. In Germany the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the iatromathematician Yvo Gaukes from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their works in the Netherlands. In France, it was very popular, and gained influence also among Jansenists such as Antoine Arnauld, though there also, as in Italy, it became opposed by the Church. In Italy, the doctrine failed to make inroads, probably since Descartes' works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1663.[8] In England, because of religious and other reasons, Cartesianism was not widely accepted.[8] Though Henry More was initially attracted to the doctrine, his own changing attitudes toward Descartes mirrored those of the country: "quick acceptance, serious examination with accumulating ambivalence, final rejection."[9] Notable Cartesians
See also
References1. ^{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cartesianism}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Grosholz |first=Emily |title=Cartesian method and the problem of reduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2EtAVLU1eIAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1 |ISBN=0-19-824250-6 |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=But contemporary debate has tended to...understand [Cartesian method] merely as the 'method of doubt'...I want to define Descartes's method in broader terms...to trace its impact on the domains of mathematics and physics as well as metaphysics.}} 3. ^{{cite web |last=Descartes |first=René | url=http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/preface.htm| title=Letter of the Author to the French Translator of the Principles of Philosophy serving for a preface|author2=Translator John Veitch| accessdate=August 2013}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|title = Cartesianism {{!}} philosophy|url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cartesianism|website = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 2016-01-27}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers|last = Ree|first = Jonathan|publisher = Routledge|year = 1991|isbn = 0415078830|location = London|pages = 78}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers|last = Ree|first = Jonathan|publisher = Routledge|year = 1991|isbn = 0415078830|location = London|pages = 75}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title = The Rise of Modern Philosophy|last = Kelly|first = Anthony|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2006|isbn = 9780198752769|location = Oxford|pages = 123}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite book |last=Copleston |first=Frederick Charles |authorlink=Frederick Copleston |title=A History of Philosophy, Volume 4 |publisher=Continuum International |date=2003 |page=174 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtDGtgARkzMC&pg=PA174 |isbn=978-0-8264-6898-7}} 9. ^{{Cite book |last= Lennon |first=Thomas M. |author2=John M. Nicholas|author3=John Whitney Davis |title=Problems of Cartesianism |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |date=1982 |page=4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vzvKOhiOe_YC&pg=PA4 |isbn=978-0-7735-1000-5}} 10. ^Cristofolini, Paul; "[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tommaso-campailla_%28Dizionario_Biografico%29/&prev=search Campailla, Thomas]" in Biographical Dictionary of Italians - Volume 17 (1974), Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 30 September 2015 Bibliography{{EB1911 poster|Cartesianism}}
8 : René Descartes|Metatheory of science|Rationalism|Foundationalism|Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic|Dualism|Cartesianism |
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