| 词条 | Bruce Alberts |
| 释义 |
| name = Bruce Alberts | birth_name = Bruce Michael Alberts | image = Bruce Alberts.png | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|4|14|mf=y}} | birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, United States | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | title = President of the National Academy of Sciences | order = 20th | term_start = 1993 | term_end = 2005 | predecessor = Frank Press | successor = Ralph J. Cicerone | spouse = Betty Neary Alberts | footnotes = | website = {{URL|http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/labs/alberts}} | module = | field = Biochemistry Biophysics | work_institution = Harvard University University of Geneva Princeton University National Academy of Sciences UCSF Science | alma_mater = Harvard College (BSc) Harvard University (PhD) | thesis_title = Characterization of Naturally Occurring, Cross-Linked Fraction of Deoxyribonucleic Acid | thesis_url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/302193272/ | thesis_year = 1966[1] | doctoral_advisor = Paul Doty[2] | doctoral_students = | known_for = Molecular Biology of the Cell | author_abbreviation_bot = | author_abbreviation_zoo = | prizes = NAS Award in Molecular Biology {{small|(1975)}} Commander of the Order of the British Empire {{small|(2005)}} Vannevar Bush Award {{small|(2010)}} National Medal of Science (2012) }}{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = Bruce Alberts, “Learning from failure”, iBioMagazine | video2 = Bruce Alberts, “DNA Replication”, iBioMagazine | video3 = Bruce Alberts, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myhql920ACc ”Redefining Science Education”], Distinctive Voices }}Bruce Michael Alberts (born April 14, 1938 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American biochemist and the Chancellor’s Leadership Chair in Biochemistry and Biophysics for Science and Education at the University of California, San Francisco.[1] He has done important work studying the protein complexes which enable chromosome replication when living cells divide. He is known as an original author of the "canonical, influential, and best-selling scientific textbook" Molecular Biology of the Cell,[4] and as Editor-in-Chief of Science magazine.[2][3] Alberts was the president of the National Academy of Sciences from 1993 to 2005.[4] He is known for his work in forming science public policy, and has served as United States Science Envoy to Pakistan and Indonesia.[5][6] He has stated that "Science education should be about learning to think and solve problems like a scientist—insisting, for all citizens, that statements be evaluated using evidence and logic the way scientists evaluate statements."[7] He is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[8] EducationAfter graduating from New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois,[9] Alberts attended Harvard College, as a pre-medicine major.[4][14] Bored by assigned laboratory "cooking classes", he petitioned to skip the physical chemistry laboratory requirement and instead was allowed to work with his tutor Jacques Fresco, in Paul M. Doty's laboratory. The summer's research led to the publication of two successful papers on mismatch errors in the helical structures of DNA and RNA,[10][11] and Alberts decided to continue on in biophysics.[4] He graduated with his A.B. in biochemical sciences, summa cum laude, in 1960.[4] Alberts then worked with Paul M. Doty on an "enormously ambitious" thesis on DNA replication, attempting to solve the genetic code using nearest neighbor analysis of DNA polymerase.[9][12] After failing his first oral examination in spring 1965, he completed his Ph.D. research in fall 1965.[5][9][13] His doctorate in biophysics was published by Harvard University in 1966.[14] Alberts credits his initial failure with teaching him much more than his successes.[9] "That was a very important learning experience for me. I had decided that experimental strategy was everything in science, and nobody had ever told me anything about this."[5] CareerAfter graduating, Alberts went to the Institut de Biologie Moleculaire[27] at the University of Geneva as a postdoctoral fellow, and worked with Richard H. Epstein on genes involved in DNA replication of phage T4. Epstein and his students had shown that there were at least seven different proteins needed for replication of T4 DNA. Alberts decided to do something that no one else was doing, and developed a DNA column for the purification of proteins that bound to DNA.[5] This enabled him to purify T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32.[15] In 1966, Alberts joined the Department of Biochemical Sciences at Princeton University as an Assistant Professor. In 1971, he became an Associate Professor and in 1973 a full Professor, holding the Damon Pfeiffer Professorship in life sciences from 1975-1976.[16][17][18] At Princeton, he continued to work in the area of protein biochemistry, reconstituting systems.[5] In 1976, Alberts accepted a position as professor and vice-chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco.[17] Also in 1976, he and his students were able to add all seven proteins to double-stranded DNA in an appropriate magnesium concentration to make DNA. More years of research were spent understanding the reactions involved. Another important step in understanding DNA synthesis was realizing that leading strand DNA polymerase and lagging strand DNA polymerase were coupled.[5][19] Alberts was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978.[17][20] From 1981 to 1985 Alberts held the American Cancer Society Research Professorship, a title granted for life as of 1980.[16] From 1985 to 1990, he was Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. From 1990-1993 he again held the American Cancer Society Research Professorship.[17] Science and educationAlberts served as the President of the National Academy of Sciences for two terms from 1993 until 2005.[16][21] Alberts has long been committed to the improvement of science education, dedicating much of his time to educational projects such as City Science, a program seeking to improve science teaching in San Francisco elementary schools.[4] He has served on the advisory board of the National Science Resources Center, a joint project of the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution working with teachers, scientists, and school systems to improve teaching of science as well as on the National Academy of Sciences' National Committee on Science Education Standards and Assessment. He has published important National Academies reports: the National Science Education Standards (NSES; NRC, 1996), intended to change the way that science is taught K-12, and Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 2000)[21] The Bruce Alberts Award for Excellence in Science Education is given in his name to those who have made outstanding contributions in science education.[22] He has served in different capacities on a number of advisory and editorial boards, including as chair of the Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.[4] Prior to his election as President of the National Academy of Sciences in 1995 he was president-elect of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.[19] From 2007-2008 he served as president of the American Society for Cell Biology.[23] He served as a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 2000 to 2009.[24][50] He and others have critiqued the biomedical research system, pointing out what they consider "systemic flaws"[25] and have created the Rescuing Biomedical Research organization, to "collect and organize input for solutions"[26] to the problems identified by themselves[25] and others.[27] Alberts was Editor-in-Chief of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's flagship publication, Science for five years from 2008-2013.[28] He is one of the founding editors of the journal Cell Biology Education.[21] Since 2013, Alberts has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.[29] International workFrom 2000-2009, Alberts was the Co-chair of the InterAcademy Council, an advisory institution in Amsterdam governed by the presidents of fifteen science academies from around the world, and a member of the Science Initiative Group board.[30] In his June 4, 2009 speech at Cairo University, US President Barack Obama announced a new Science Envoy program as part of a "new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world." In January 2010, Bruce Alberts, Ahmed Zewail, and Elias Zerhouni became the first US science envoys to Islam, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia.[31] Publications{{library resources box | by=yes | viaf= 32059535}}Alberts has had a productive research career in the field of DNA replication and cell division. His textbook, Molecular Biology of the Cell, now in its sixth edition, is the standard cell biology textbook in most universities; the fourth edition is freely available from National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf.[32] This book and its counterpart for undergraduate students, Essential Cell Biology],[33] have been translated into multiple languages.[34]Awards and honoursAlberts was awarded the National Medal of Science "for intellectual leadership and experimental innovation in the field of DNA replication, and for unparalleled dedication to improving science education and promoting science-based public policy."[35] Alberts has received many awards and honours, including the following:[64]
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Bruce Alberts, PhD|url=http://profiles.ucsf.edu/bruce.alberts|website=UCSF Profiles|publisher=University of California, San Francisco|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 2. ^{{Cite journal | author = Anon| doi = 10.1126/science.318.5858.1852b | title = Scientific publishing: Bruce Alberts Named Science Editor-in-Chief | journal = Science | volume = 318 | issue = 5858 | pages = 1852b–1852b | year = 2007 | pmid = 18096779| pmc = }} 3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Kirschner | first1 = M. | title = Profile: Bruce Alberts, Science's New Editor | doi = 10.1126/science.1155869 | journal = Science | volume = 319 | issue = 5867 | pages = 1199–1199 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18309070 | pmc = }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last1=Nuzzo|first1=R.|title=Profile of Bruce Alberts: The education president|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=21 June 2005|volume=102|issue=26|pages=9109–9111|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504186102|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/102/26/9109.full|accessdate=21 September 2015|pmid=15972327|pmc=1166644}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal | last1 = Gitschier | first1 = J. | title = Scientist Citizen: An Interview with Bruce Alberts | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002743 | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = e1002743 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22693457 | pmc =3364944 | url= http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002743}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Bari|title=A Conversation with Bruce Alberts|journal=Colloquy: Alumni Quarterly|date=2011|volume=Fall/Winter|pages=8–9|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/colloquy_fallwinter11.pdf|accessdate=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908125241/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/colloquy_fallwinter11.pdf#|archive-date=2015-09-08|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Jacob|title=Q&A The Reformer|journal=Distillations|date=2016|volume=2|issue=1|pages=37–39|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-reformer|accessdate=22 March 2018}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/people/professor-bruce-alberts|title=St Edmund's College - University of Cambridge|website=www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-09-10}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Yollin|first1=Patricia|title=Bruce Alberts: He Has Science in His Soul|newspaper=UCSF News Center|date=October 28, 2011|url=https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/10/10845/bruce-alberts-he-has-science-his-soul|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fresco|first1=Jacques R.|last2=Alberts|first2=Bruce M.|title=The accommodation of noncomplementary bases in helical polyribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=1960|volume=46|issue=3|pages=311–321|doi=10.1073/pnas.46.3.311|pmc=222832}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fresco|first1=JR|last2=Alberts|first2=BM|last3=Doty|first3=P|title=Some molecular details of the secondary structure of ribonucleic acid.|journal=Nature|date=8 October 1960|volume=188|pages=98–101|pmid=13701785|doi=10.1038/188098a0}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|title=Bruce Alberts on Becoming a Scientist|url=http://library.cshl.edu/oralhistory/interview/scientific-experience/becoming-scientist/alberts-becoming-a-scientist/|website=CSHL Digital Archives, Oral History|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory|accessdate=23 September 2015}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Alberts|first1=Bruce|title=A wake-up call|journal=Nature|date= October 28, 2004|volume=431|url=http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038%2F4311041a|accessdate=23 September 2015|doi=10.1038/4311041a|pages=1041}} 14. ^1 {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bruce Michael |last=Alberts |title=Characterization of a naturally occurring, cross-linked fraction of deoxyribonucleic acid |publisher=Harvard University |date=1966 |url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/302193272/ |subscription=yes |oclc=76977803}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=ALBERTS|first1=BRUCE M.|last2=FREY|first2=LINDA|title=T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32: A Structural Protein in the Replication and Recombination of DNA|journal=Nature|date=26 September 1970|volume=227|issue=5265|pages=1313–1318|doi=10.1038/2271313a0}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Moments in Academy History Bruce Michael Alberts 1993-2005 NAS President|url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/highlights/bruce-michael-alberts.html|website=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=23 September 2015}} 17. ^1 2 3 Register of the Bruce M. Alberts Papers, 1960-94, n.d., UC San Francisco Special Collections 18. ^{{cite web|title=Endowed Professorships and Other Designated Chairs|url=https://www.princeton.edu/dof/faculty/professorships/|website=Princeton University|accessdate=23 September 2015}} 19. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Kresge|first1=Nicole|last2=Simoni|first2=Robert D.|last3=Hill|first3=Robert L.|title=DNA Polymerase and Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis: the Work of Bruce Alberts|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=January 26, 2007|volume=282|issue=4|pages=e3-e6|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/282/4/e3.full.pdf}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=6 April 2011}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Labov|first1=J. B.|title=From the National Academies: A Tribute to the Science Education Legacy of National Academy of Sciences President Bruce Alberts|journal=Cell Biology Education|date=1 September 2005|volume=4|issue=3|pages=185–188|doi=10.1187/cbe.05-06-0081|pmc=1200774}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Bruce Alberts Award for Excellence in Science Education|url=http://www.ascb.org/bruce-alberts-award-for-excellence-in-science-education/|website=ASCB|accessdate=23 September 2015}} 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Farley|first1=Pete|title=UCSF Scientist Wins the National Medal of Science|url=https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2014/10/119091/ucsf-scientist-wins-national-medal-science|accessdate=23 September 2015|work=University of California San Francisco News Center|date=October 3, 2014}} 24. ^1 {{cite web|title=Dr. Bruce Alberts Elected to the Board of Carnegie Corporation of New York|url=https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/dr-bruce-alberts-elected-to-the-board-of-carnegie-corporation-of-new-york/|accessdate=23 September 2015|website=Carnegie Corporation of New York|date=March 7, 2000}} 25. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Alberts|first1=B.|last2=Kirschner|first2=M. W.|last3=Tilghman|first3=S.|last4=Varmus|first4=H.|title=Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=14 April 2014|volume=111|issue=16|pages=5773–5777|doi=10.1073/pnas.1404402111|pmid=24733905|pmc=4000813}} 26. ^{{Cite web|title = Home - Rescuing Biomedical Research|url = http://rescuingbiomedicalresearch.org/|website = Rescuing Biomedical Research|accessdate = 2015-12-13|language = en-US}} 27. ^{{Cite journal|title = Toward a sustainable biomedical research enterprise: Finding consensus and implementing recommendations|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/112/35/10832|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 4568264|pmid = 26195768|pages = 10832–10836|volume = 112|issue = 35|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1509901112|first = Christopher L.|last = Pickett|first2 = Benjamin W.|last2 = Corb|first3 = C. Robert|last3 = Matthews|first4 = Wesley I.|last4 = Sundquist|first5 = Jeremy M.|last5 = Berg}} 28. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Alberts | first1 = B. | title = After 5 Years at Science | doi = 10.1126/science.1240945 | journal = Science | volume = 340 | issue = 6136 | page = 1015| year = 2013 | pmid = 23723204| pmc = }} 29. ^{{cite web |url=https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council |title=Advisory Council |website=ncse.com |publisher=National Center for Science Education |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810112828/https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council |archivedate=2013-08-10 |accessdate=2018-10-30}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=SIG Board|url=https://sig.ias.edu/board|website=Science Initiative Group|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 31. ^{{cite news|last1=Pellerin|first1=Cheryl|title=First U.S. Science Envoys Begin Work in Muslim-Majority Countries|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2010/01/20100115082753lcnirellep0.1611902.html|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=IIP Digital|agency=U.S. Department of State|date=16 February 2010}} 32. ^{{cite book|first1=Bruce|last1=Alberts|first2=Alexander|last2= Johnson|first3= Julian |last3=Lewis|first4= Martin|last4= Raff|first5= Keith|last5=Roberts|first6=Peter|last6= Walter |title=Molecular biology of the cell|date=2002|publisher=Garland|location=New York|isbn=0-8153-4072-9|edition=4th|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 33. ^{{cite book|last1=Alberts|first1=Bruce|last2=Bray|first2=Dennis|last3=Hopkin|first3=Karen|last4=Johnson|first4=Alexander D.|last5=Lewis|first5=Lewis|last6=Raff|first6=Martin|last7=Roberts|first7=Keith|last8=Walter|first8=Peter|title=Essential cell biology|date=2014|publisher=Garland Science|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780815344544|edition=Fourth }} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell|url=http://www.garlandscience.com/product/isbn/0815341059|website=Garland Science|accessdate=21 September 2015}}, Click on "(Translations)" to see a list. 35. ^{{cite news|title=Remarks by the President at National Medals of Science and National Medals of Technology and Innovation Award Ceremony|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/20/remarks-president-national-medals-science-and-national-medals-technology|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=White House Briefing Room Speeches and Remarks|agency=United States Government|date=November 20, 2014}} 36. ^{{cite web|title=GSAS Honors Four with Centennial Medals|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/centennial_medal_2014/gsas-honors-four-with-centennial-medals.php|accessdate=23 September 2015|date=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925085115/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/centennial_medal_2014/gsas-honors-four-with-centennial-medals.php#|archive-date=2015-09-25|dead-url=yes|df=}} 37. ^{{cite journal|title=Centennial Medalist Citations|journal=Harvard Magazine|date=May 28, 2014|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2014/05/centennial-citations|accessdate=23 September 2015}} 38. ^{{cite news|last1=Szalinski|first1=Christina|title=Former ASCB President Bruce Alberts Receives the National Medal of Science|url=http://www.ascb.org/former-ascb-president-bruce-alberts-receives-the-national-medal-of-science/|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=ASCB, An international forum for cell biology|agency=The American Society for Cell Biology|date=October 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228084239/http://www.ascb.org/former-ascb-president-bruce-alberts-receives-the-national-medal-of-science/#|archive-date=2016-02-28|dead-url=yes|df=}} 39. ^1 {{cite web|title=Bruce Alberts, a former Carnegie Corporation trustee, honored with Award for Advancing Cooperation in Science|url=https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/bruce-alberts-a-former-carnegie-corporation-trustee-honored-with-award-for-advancing-cooperation-in-science/|accessdate=21 September 2015|website=Carnegie Corporation of New York|date=September 10, 2010}} 40. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Linda|title=Bruce Alberts Wins Vannevar Bush Award|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|date=April 5, 2010|volume=88|issue=14|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/88/i14/Bruce-Alberts-Wins-Vannevar-Bush.html?type=paidArticleContent|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 41. ^{{cite news|last1=Pinol|first1=Natasha D.|title=Science Editor-in-Chief Bruce Alberts Wins 2010 Vannevar Bush Award|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/science-editor-chief-bruce-alberts-wins-2010-vannevar-bush-award|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=AAAS News|agency=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=26 March 2010}} 42. ^{{cite news|title=Bruce Alberts to Receive National Science Board's Vannevar Bush Award|url=https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=116715|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=National Science Board|date=April 1, 2010}} 43. ^1 {{cite web|title=Bruce Alberts|url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/User/Alberts_Bruce|website=Academy Europaea|accessdate=21 September 2015}} 44. ^{{cite web|title=NAS Award in Molecular Biology|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/molecular-biology.html|website=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=21 September 2015}} External links
15 : 1938 births|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Living people|American biochemists|Harvard College alumni|Princeton University faculty|University of California, San Francisco faculty|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Phage workers|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Biotechnologists|Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts|Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy|Fellows of the AACR Academy |
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