| 词条 | Castle Neroche |
| 释义 |
|name = Castle Neroche |location = Near Staple Fitzpaine, Somerset, England |coordinates = {{coord|50.9370|N|3.0374|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}} |gridref = {{gbmapping|ST272158}} |image = |caption = Eastern earthworks at Castle Neroche |map_type = Somerset |map_size = 200 |map_alt = |map_caption = Shown within Somerset |type = Motte and bailey on Bronze Age site |materials = |height = |condition = |ownership = |open_to_public = |battles = |events = }}Castle Neroche is a Norman motte-and-bailey castle on the site of an earlier hill fort in the parish of Curland, near Staple Fitzpaine, Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.[1] LocationThe hill rises to {{convert|260|m|ft}} on the northern escarpment of the Blackdown Hills. The area is part of a {{convert|35|sqmi|sqkm}} site covered by a landscape partnership, known as the Neroche Scheme which is establishing trails and a public forest. It is led by the Forestry Commission and supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund and local organisations.[2] HistoryThe origin of the term Neroche is believed to be a contraction of the Old English words nierra and rechich or rachich for Rache, a type of hunting-dog used in Britain in the Middle Ages, giving a meaning of the camp where hunting dogs were kept.[3] This also gives the site its alternative name of Castle Rache.[4] Iron AgeThe reason for the construction of Iron Age hill forts has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were separated from the sources of tin and copper necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status.[4] Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".[5] There is little evidence of Iron Age remains although the situation and shape of the site matches other Iron Age enclosures.[4] There is some indication that the site was strengthened with an additional rampart and outer enclosure.[6] The site was excavated by Harold St George Gray in 1903.[7] There have also been nearby archaeological finds of Mesolithic flints,[8] and a Bronze Age copper axe found in 1857,[9] but nothing from the Iron Age or Roman periods.[10] Norman castleThe earthworks at the site are larger than would normally be found in a castle from the Norman period, raising speculation that it reused previously developed features.[10] The castle was probably built by Robert, Count of Mortain in the 11th century.[11][15] Archaeological evidence suggests it was built in several stages. During the first a rampart enclosing {{convert|7.5|acre|ha}} was built. Soon after the Norman Conquest a smaller inner ringwork was constructed. The site was later converted into a motte and bailey, with a corner of the {{convert|20|ft|m}} high motte serving as a barbican.[10] By the early 12th century the castle was no longer in regular use. However, its use was resumed during The Anarchy,[10] a period of civil war and unsettled government during a succession dispute between the supporters of King Stephen (1135–1154) and those of his cousin, the Empress Matilda. Continued use in the later 12th century may have been by administrators of the surrounding royal forest as a base for operations against poachers.[12] Air disasterOn 22 November 1945, a Royal Air Force Consolidated B-24 Liberator crashed into a field after hitting trees on Blackdown Hills between the castle and Buckland St Mary, killing all 27 people on board.[13][14] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Castle Neroche|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=190295|work=National Monument Record|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=22 March 2011}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Welcome to Neroche|url=http://www.nerochescheme.org/|publisher=Neroche Scheme|accessdate=19 July 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Key archaeological & historic places|url=http://www.nerochescheme.org/archaeologyPlaces.php|publisher=Neroche Project|accessdate=19 July 2011}} 4. ^{{Cite book |last=Sharples |first=Niall M |title=English Heritage Book of Maiden Castle |publisher=B. T. Batsford |year=1991 |location=London |isbn=0-7134-6083-0 | pages=71–72}} 5. ^{{Cite document |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/2008/swords/swords-found.html |title=Time Team: Swords, skulls and strongholds |publisher=Channel 4 |date=19 May 2008 |accessdate=16 September 2009}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Castle Neroche|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/recreation.nsf/LUWebDocsByKey/EnglandDevonBlackdownHillsCastleNeroche|publisher=Forestry Commission|accessdate=19 July 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Castle Neroche Hillfort. |url=http://digitaldigging.co.uk/maps/hillforts/somerset/hill-forts-somerset-castle-neroche-hillfort.html |publisher=Digital Digging |accessdate=27 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523192749/http://digitaldigging.co.uk/maps/hillforts/somerset/hill-forts-somerset-castle-neroche-hillfort.html |archivedate=23 May 2010 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Castle name and mesolithic finds, Castle Neroche|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/55598|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|accessdate=20 July 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Bronze age axe find, Castle Neroche|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43565|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|accessdate=20 July 2011}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Castle Neroche, Curland|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43844|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|accessdate=26 December 2010}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley and Roy |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A field Guide to Somerset Archeology |year=1992 |publisher=Dovecote press |location=Stanbridge |isbn=0-946159-94-7|pages=56–57 }} 12. ^1 {{cite book|last=Dunning|first=Robert|title=Somerset Castles|year=1995|publisher=Somerset Books|location=Tiverton|isbn=978-0-86183-278-1|pages=33–35}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.26354.org/history/local/liberator/docs/liberator2.pdf | title=Air crash on Blackdowns | publisher=Somerset County Gazette | format=PDF | accessdate=30 April 2011}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.26354.org/history/local/liberator/docs/liberator.pdf | title=Air Crash. Liberator hits hillside near Buckland | format=PDF | accessdate=30 April 2011}} Further reading
5 : Castles in Somerset|Hill forts in Somerset|History of Somerset|Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Taunton Deane|Motte-and-bailey castles |
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