| 词条 | Catharanthus roseus | ||
| 释义 |
|name = Madagascar rosy periwinkle |image = Catharanthus roseus24 08 2012 (1).JPG |genus = Catharanthus |species = roseus |authority = (L.) G.Don |synonyms =
}} Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the Madagascar periwinkle, rose periwinkle, or rosy periwinkle, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, but grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant, a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine, used to treat cancer. Other English names include '“Cape periwinkle” and "old-maid".[1][2] It was formerly included in the genus Vinca as Vinca rosea. SynonymsTwo varieties are recognized
Synonymy for this variety Catharanthus roseus var. angustus Steenis ex Bakhuizen f.[3] Catharanthus roseus var. albus G.Don[4] Catharanthus roseus var. occellatus G.Don[4] Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[5] Lochnera rosea f. alba (G.Don) Woodson[6] Lochnera rosea var. ocellata (G.Don) Woodson
Synonymy for this variety Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[8] Lochnera rosea var. angusta Steenis[9] DescriptionCatharnthus roseus is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing {{convert|1|m|in|0|abbr=on}} tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, {{convert|2.5–9|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1–3.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole {{convert|1-1.8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube {{convert|2.5–3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and a corolla {{convert|2-5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles {{convert|2-4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} broad.[10][11][12][13]In the wild, C. roseus is an endangered plant; the main cause of decline is habitat destruction by slash and burn agriculture.[14] It is also however widely cultivated and is naturalised in subtropical and tropical areas of the world like Australia, Malaysia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.[10] It is so well adapted to growth in Australia, that it is listed as a noxious weed in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory,[15] and also in parts of eastern Queensland.[16] Cultivation and usesPeriwinkles are of two types - Foliage periwinkle (which often grows wild on cliffs) and Annual periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus).[17] The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine and as an ornamental plant. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit[18] (confirmed 2017).[19] In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, though poisonous, are used against several diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.[11] Many of the vinca alkaloids were first isolated from Catharanthus roseus,[20] including vinblastine and vincristine used in the treatment of leukemia[14] and Hodgkin's lymphoma.[11] This conflict between historical indigenous use, and recent patents on C.roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.[21] C. roseus can be extremely toxic if consumed orally by humans, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159. As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below {{convert|5-7|C|F}}, and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens.. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions. Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).[10] C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas.[22] This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.[23]Chemical constituentsVinblastine and vincristine, chemotherapy medications used to treat several types of cancers, are found in the plant[24][25][26][27] and are biosynthesised from the coupling of the alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline.[28] The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine, used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer,[26][29] can be prepared either from vindoline and catharanthine[26][30] or from the vinca alkaloid leurosine,[31] in both cases via anhydrovinblastine.[30] Rosinidin is an anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of C. roseus.[32]Other names
GalleryReferences1. ^Flora of Madagascar: Catharanthus roseus 2. ^{{GRIN | accessdate = 12 December 2017}} 3. ^Steenis ex Bakhuizen f., Blumea 6: 384. 1950. 4. ^1 G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4(1): 95. 1837. 5. ^Markgr., Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972. 6. ^Woodson, N. Amer. Fl. 29: 124. 1938. 7. ^Bakh. f.Blumea 6 (2): 384. 1950. 8. ^Markgr. Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972. 9. ^Steenis Trop. Nat. 25: 18. 1936. 10. ^1 2 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}. 11. ^1 2 Flora of China: Catharanthus roseus 12. ^College of Micronesia: Catharanthus roseus 13. ^Jepson Flora: Catharanthus roseus 14. ^1 DrugDigest: Catharanthus roseus {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032628/http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/herbMonograph/0%2C11475%2C4108%2C00.html |date=2007-09-27 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/orpheus-island-research-station/information-for/catharanthus-roseus|title=Catharanthus roseus|publisher=Orpheus Island Research Station – James Cook University|accessdate=2 November 2015}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Catharanthus_roseus.htm|title=Factsheet – Catharanthus roseus|publisher=Queensland Government|accessdate=2 November 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Growing Periwinkle |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/groundcover/periwinkle/growing-periwinkle.htm |website=Gardening knowhow official website |publisher=Gardening knowhow |accessdate=4 June 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98105/i-Catharanthus-roseus-i/Details| title = RHS Plantfinder - Catharanthus roseus| accessdate=12 January 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 16 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 24 January 2018}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1 = van Der Heijden|first1 = Robert|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Denise I.|last3 = Snoeijer|first3 = Wim|last4 = Hallard|first4 = Didier|last5 = Verpoorte|first5 = Robert|year = 2004|title = The Catharanthus alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology|journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume = 11|issue = 5|pages = 607–628|pmid = 15032608|doi = 10.2174/0929867043455846}} 21. ^{{cite journal | last= Karasov | first= Corliss| title= Who Reaps the Benefits of Biodiversity? | journal= Environmental Health Perspectives | year= 2001 | volume= 109 | issue= 12 | pages= A582–A587 | pmid= 11748021 | pmc= 1240518 | doi=10.2307/3454734| jstor= 3454734}} 22. ^{{cite journal | first1 = C. | last1 = Marcone | first2 = A. | last2 = Ragozzino | first3 = E. | last3 = Seemuller | year = 1997 | title = Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) | journal = Forest Pathology | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 347–350 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb01449.x}} 23. ^{{cite journal | first = Chung-Jan | last = Chang | title = Pathogenicity of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri on Periwinkle | journal = Phytopathology | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | year = 1998 | pages = 1347–1350 | doi = 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1347 | pmid = 18944838 | doi-access = free}} 24. ^{{cite book|title = Metal Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents|volume = 279|series = Topics in Current Chemistry|pages = 25–52|year = 2007|chapter = Reductive C—C bond formation after epoxide opening via electron transfer|first1 = Andreas|last1 = Gansäuer|first2 = José|last2 = Justicia|first3 = Chun-An|last3 = Fan|first4 = Dennis|last4 = Worgull|first5 = Frederik|last5 = Piestert|doi = 10.1007/128_2007_130|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A5xcVmT9iIQC&pg=PA25|editorlink1=Michael J. Krische|editor-first = Michael J.|editor-last = Krische|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media|isbn = 978-3-540-72879-5}} 25. ^{{cite book|chapter = Africa's gift to the world|pages = 46–51|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title = Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World|first1 = Raymond|last1 = Cooper|first2 = Jeffrey John|last2 = Deakin|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2016|isbn = 978-1-4987-0430-4}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite journal|journal = Molecules|year = 2012|volume = 17|issue = 5|pages = 5893–5914|doi = 10.3390/molecules17055893|title = Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine|first1 = Péter|last1 = Keglevich|first2 = Laszlo|last2 = Hazai|first3 = György|last3 = Kalaus|first4 = Csaba|last4 = Szántay|pmid = 22609781|pmc = 6268133|url = http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/5/5893/pdf}} 27. ^{{cite book|last = Raviña|first = Enrique|title = The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs|year = 2011|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn = 978-3-527-32669-3|pages = 157–159|chapter = Vinca alkaloids|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA157}} 28. ^{{cite book|chapter = Catharanthus roseus L. (Periwinkle): Production of Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures|first1 = K.|last1 = Hirata|first2 = K.|last2 = Miyamoto|first3 = Y.|last3 = Miura|title = Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26|series = Medicinal and Aromatic Plants|volume = VI|editor-first = Y. P. S.|editor-last = Bajaj|publisher = Springer-Verlag|year = 1994|pages = 46–55|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e64hCDBddowC&pg=PA47|isbn = 978-3-540-56391-4}} 29. ^{{cite journal|journal = Oncology|year = 2011|volume = 5|pages = 131–144|doi = 10.4137/CMO.S5074|pmc = 3117629|title = Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer|first1 = Bryan A.|last1 = Faller|first2 = Trailokya N.|last2 = Pandi|pmid=21695100}} 30. ^1 {{cite journal|last1 = Ngo|first1 = Quoc Anh|last2 = Roussi|first2 = Fanny|last3 = Cormier|first3 = Anthony|last4 = Thoret|first4 = Sylviane|last5 = Knossow|first5 = Marcel|last6 = Guénard|first6 = Daniel|last7 = Guéritte|first7 = Françoise|title = Synthesis and biological evaluation of Vinca alkaloids and phomopsin hybrids|journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry|year = 2009|volume = 52|issue = 1|pages = 134–142|pmid = 19072542|doi = 10.1021/jm801064y}} 31. ^{{cite journal|title = Concise synthesis of anhydrovinblastine from leurosine|first1 = Christophe|last1 = Hardouin|first2 = Eric|last2 = Doris|first3 = Bernard|last3 = Rousseau|first4 = Charles|last4 = Mioskowski|journal = Organic Letters|year = 2002|volume = 4|issue = 7|pages = 1151–1153|doi = 10.1021/ol025560c}} 32. ^{{cite journal|last1 = Toki|first1 = Kenjiro|last2 = Saito|first2 = Norio|last3 = Irie|first3 = Yuki|last4 = Tatsuzawa|first4 = Fumi|last5 = Shigihara|first5 = Atsushi|last6 = Honda|first6 = Toshio|title = 7-O-Methylated anthocyanidin glycosides from Catharanthus roseus|journal = Phytochemistry|volume = 69|issue = 5|pages = 1215–1219|year = 2008|pmid = 18164044|doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.11.005}} 33. ^Catharanthus roseus. ornamentalis.com External links
6 : Catharanthus|Flora of Madagascar|Poisonous plants|Plants used in Ayurveda|Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine|Plants described in 1759 |
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