| 词条 | Catharine Waugh McCulloch |
| 释义 |
Catharine Gouger Waugh McCulloch (June 4, 1862 – April 20, 1945, age 82) was an American lawyer, noted suffragist, and reformer. She actively lobbied for women's suffrage at the local, state, and national levels as a leader in the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association, Chicago Political Equity League, and National American Woman Suffrage Association. She was the first woman elected Justice of the Peace in Illinois. Early life and educationCatharine Waugh was born in New York state to Susan Gouger and Abraham Miller Waugh. She was of French and Irish ancestry. Raised in Illinois, she graduated from Rockford Female Seminary in 1882, where she wrote a thesis on women’s wages and earned both a B.A. and M.A. degree.[1] Waugh then attended Chicago's Union College of Law (now Northwestern Pritzker School of Law). After graduating and passing the bar in 1886, Waugh sought employment in Chicago but faced gender discrimination. She returned to Rockford, Illinois and started her own practice.[2] Marriage and familyIn 1890, Catharine Waugh married her former law school classmate, Frank Hawthorn McCulloch. They moved to Chicago and merged practices to form the law firm of McCulloch and McCulloch. Catharine sought equality in her relationship as both a private and political arrangement. According to letters she sent to colleagues, she believed her marriage to McCulloch helped advance her career.[3] She raised four children: Hugh Waugh, Hathorn Waugh, Catharine Waugh, and Frank Waugh.[1] CareerMcCulloch was a member of the Equity Club, a correspondence network founded in 1887 to provide support, friendship, and advice among women lawyers across the country. In 1888, McCulloch unsuccessfully ran for state's attorney on the Prohibition party ticket.[2] McCulloch began serving as the legislative chair of the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association in 1890. After the Illinois Supreme Court upheld a law granting women the right to vote in school district elections in 1891, McCulloch worked on a bill that would ensure women's suffrage for local and presidential elections in the state of Illinois. McCulloch and her colleagues at the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association actively lobbied for the bill from 1893 to 1913, even organizing train and automobile tours to rally suffrage supporters across the state. McCulloch's public-oriented methods of mobilizing supporters through rallies and publications reflected the style of many clubwomen, settlement-house workers, and other Progressive Era activists who sought suffrage as a means to advance other reform efforts. Her approach contrasted with that of more conservative members of the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association like Grace Wilbur Trout, who preferred more quiet and diplomatic lobbying.[4] In 1894, McCulloch and fellow members of the Chicago Woman's Club founded the Chicago Political Equity League to campaign for municipal suffrage.[5] In addition to her suffrage work, McCulloch advocated for maternalist reform measures. For example, she championed the passage of a law in 1901 that gave women equal guardianship with their husbands over their children.[4] In 1905, she helped raise the age of consent for girls from 14 to 16 years.[1] McCulloch was elected Justice of the Peace in Evanston, Illinois in 1907 (and re-elected in 1909), making her the first woman elected to that office in Illinois.[2] While a Justice of the Peace, she made national headlines by agreeing to conduct egalitarian marriage ceremonies in which she omitted the word "obey" from the ritualized words the woman was supposed to say; at that time, the man pledged to "love, honor and cherish" while the woman pledged to "love, honor and obey."[6] In 1917, she was appointed as a master in chancery of the Cook County Superior Court.[1] She became known for her advocacy in working to eliminate or modify marriage and divorce laws that discriminated against women, and she worked to create uniformity of such laws in all states.[7] She was the legal adviser for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (which became the League of Women Voters in 1920 after passage of the 19th Amendment) and was its first vice president. She also served as the legal adviser for the National Women's Christian Temperance Union.[1] McCulloch died of cancer in 1945 at the age of 82.[1] Catharine W. McCulloch Park in Evanston is named for her. Publications
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0|title=Notable American women, 1607-1950; a biographical dictionary|last=James|first=Edward T.|last2=James|first2=Janet Wilson|last3=Boyer|first3=Paul S.|last4=Radcliffe College|date=1971|publisher=Cambridge, Massachusetts, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|others=Internet Archive}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Norgren|first=Jill|date=2010|title=Ladies of Legend: The First Generation of American Women Attorneys.|url=|journal=Journal of Supreme Court History|volume=35|pages=71–90|via=|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5818.2010.01231.x}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Drachman|first=Virginia|date=Spring 1989|title="My 'Partner' in Law and Life": Marriage in the Lives of Women Lawyers in Late 19th-and Early 20th-Century America|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|volume=14|issue=2|pages=221–250|jstor=828594}} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Adade Mitchell|date=Summer 1983|title=Conflict in the Illinois Woman Suffrage Movement of 1913|journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|volume=76|issue=2|pages=95–114|jstor=40191741}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=Seeing with Their Hearts: Chicago Women and the Vision of the Good City, 1871-1933|last=Flanagan|first=Maureen|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0691095394|location=|pages=}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=She Will Omit 'Obey'.|last=|first=|date=April 6, 1907|work=Washington Post|access-date=}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=Women's League Heads Plan Work of Future.|last=|first=|date=November 15, 1920|work=Baltimore Sun|access-date=}} External links{{Portal|Biography}}
10 : 1862 births|1945 deaths|Illinois lawyers|American suffragists|American women lawyers|Illinois state court judges|Rockford University alumni|Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni|American women judges|American temperance activists |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。