| 词条 | Cave Dale |
| 释义 |
Cave Dale was initially formed by glacial meltwater carving a deep narrow valley in the local soluble limestone. The river then found a route underground leaving a dry valley with caverns underneath. Later on the caverns below Cave Dale collapsed making the valley even deeper and gorge-like at the northern end. The Castleton entrance to Cave Dale had a narrow natural arch as recently as 200 years ago, a relic of the roof collapse.[2] The lower slopes of the dale have large amounts of scree, frost on the higher limestone cliffs having caused the rock to shatter.[3] Halfway up the valley is an outcrop of basaltic lava with a few small columns.[4] A bridleway runs the entire length of the dale, part of the Limestone Way footpath which travels 80 kilometres from Castleton to Rocester in Staffordshire.[5] Cave Dale is accessed through a narrow rocky opening almost from the centre of Castleton and Peveril Castle is seen high up on the almost vertical western slopes. The Normans chose this site because the steep sides of Cave Dale gave a natural defence and good lookout. The chambers and caves of Peak Cavern run directly below Cave Dale and any small streams in the dale quickly disappear into the ground down limestone fissures and into the caverns beneath. Mineral veins can also be seen within the limestone of the dale. The cliffs at the northern end of Cave Dale are used by rock climbers and there are several routes in the Very Severe category. There are several small caves or old lead mines within the dale's limestone walls, with one being larger than the rest with bars preventing access. Cave Dale's steep north-facing grassy slopes are damp and bryophyte-rich and are dominated by oat grass (Trisetum flavescent) and Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina). Lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus) grows extensively on ledges in the dale.[6] At the southwestern extremity of the dale as it merges into the moorland between Castleton and Peak Forest are the remains of several old lead mines. The Hazard Mine lies at grid reference {{gbmappingsmall|SK136812}}, and was one of the major mines of the area. Over 5000 tonnes of lead ore were mined and the main shaft goes down 700 feet. The Hollandtwine Mine lies 250 metres to the east. Drainage from both mines went directly into Peak Cavern.[7] In 1983 Cave Dale was the scene of the murder of a 21-year-old Manchester Polytechnic student, Susan Renhard. Norman Smith, a local 17-year-old, was subsequently jailed for life at Nottingham Crown Court in 1984. Cave Dale features in the 1987 film The Princess Bride, and the 2008 film The Other Boleyn Girl.[8] References
Footnotes1. ^{{citation | date=2009-02-02 | title=The Peak District: Dark Park Area (OS Explorer Map)|publisher = Ordnance Survey|place=Southampton|volume=OL1|isbn=978-0-319-24067-0}} {{coord|53.3386|N|1.7777|W|scale:1000_type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}2. ^Info from www.cressbrook.co.uk. Quotation on natural arch. 3. ^Rocks and Scenery of the Peak District p.70 (gives info on scree). 4. ^Rocks and Scenery of the Peak District p. 82 (gives info on basaltic lava outcrop). 5. ^www.ramblers.org.uk {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217011541/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/INFO/paths/limestonederbyshire.html |date=2007-02-17 }} Ramblers Association page on Limestone Way. 6. ^www.english-nature.org.uk. Biology information. 7. ^Lead Mining in the Peak District pp. 46–47 (Gives information on Hollandtwine and Hazard mines). 8. ^http://www.visitpeakdistrict.com/be-inspired/boleyn-girl.aspx{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4 : Landforms of Derbyshire|Climbing areas of England|Valleys of the Peak District|Canyons and gorges of England |
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