1. Biological significance

2. Nomenclature

3. Ligands

4. CD1d tetramers

5. References

6. Further reading

7. External links

CD1D is the human gene that encodes the protein CD1d,^[1] a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are non-classical MHC proteins, related to the class I MHC proteins, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. CD1d is the only member of the group 2 CD1 molecules.

Biological significance

CD1d-presented lipid antigens activate a special class of T cells, known as natural killer T (NKT) cells, through the interaction with the T-cell receptor present on NKT membranes.^[1] When activated, NKT cells rapidly produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, typically represented by interferon-gamma and interleukin 4 production.

Nomenclature

CD1d is also known as R3G1

Ligands

Some of the known ligands for CD1d are:

• α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a compound originally derived from the marine sponge Agelas mauritanius^[2] with no physiological role but great research utility.
• α-glucuronyl- and α-galacturonyl- ceramides, a family of compounds of microbial origin which can be found, for example, on the cell wall of Sphingomonas, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium.^[3] The related β-D-glucopyranosylceramide is accumulated in antigen-presenting cells after infection, where it serves to activate invariant NKTs (iNKTs), a special kind of NKT.
• iGb3, a self antigen which has been implied in iNKT selection.^[4]
• HS44, a synthetic amino cyclitolic ceramide analogue which has less contact with the TCR, activating iNKTs in a more constrained way than α-GalCer (specially in relation to Th2 cytokines production) and thus being more interesting for therapeutic use.^[5]

CD1d tetramers

CD1d tetramers are protein constructs composed of four CD1d molecules joined together and usually fluorescently labelled, used to identify NKT cells or other CD1d-reactive cells. In particular, type I NKT cells and some type II NKT cells are stained by them. A differentiation of these two types can be obtained in human by using an antibody against the TCR Vα24 chain, which is specific of type I NKT cells.^[7]

Although they are the most widely used of CD1d oligomers, sometimes CD1d dimers (two units) or pentamers (five units) are used instead.^[6]

References

Further reading

• {{cite journal | vauthors=Melián A, Beckman EM, Porcelli SA, Brenner MB |title=Antigen presentation by CD1 and MHC-encoded class I-like molecules. |journal=Curr. Opin. Immunol. |volume=8 |issue= 1 |pages= 82–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8729450 |doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80109-9 }}
• {{cite journal | author=Joyce S |title=CD1d and natural T cells: how their properties jump-start the immune system. |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=58 |issue= 3 |pages= 442–69 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11315191 |doi=10.1007/PL00000869 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Sköld M, Behar SM |title=Role of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells in Microbial Immunity |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=71 |issue= 10 |pages= 5447–55 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14500461 |doi=10.1128/IAI.71.10.5447-5455.2003 | pmc=201095 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Brigl M, Brenner MB |title=CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function |journal=Annu. Rev. Immunol. |volume=22 |issue= 1|pages= 817–90 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15032598 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Stove V, Verhasselt B |title=Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 57–64 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16454711 |doi=10.2174/157016206775197583 }}
• {{cite journal | author=Brutkiewicz RR |title=CD1d ligands: the good, the bad, and the ugly |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=177 |issue= 2 |pages= 769–75 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16818729 |doi= 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.769}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Blumberg RS, Terhorst C, Bleicher P |title=Expression of a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule, CD1D, by human intestinal epithelial cells |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=147 |issue= 8 |pages= 2518–24 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1717564 |doi= |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Balk SP, Bleicher PA, Terhorst C |title=Isolation and characterization of a cDNA and gene coding for a fourth CD1 molecule |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=86 |issue= 1 |pages= 252–6 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2463622 |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.1.252 | pmc=286442 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Calabi F, Jarvis JM, Martin L, Milstein C |title=Two classes of CD1 genes |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=19 |issue= 2 |pages= 285–92 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2467814 |doi=10.1002/eji.1830190211 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Yu CY, Milstein C |title=A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes |journal=EMBO J. |volume=8 |issue= 12 |pages= 3727–32 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2583117 |doi= | pmc=402056 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Martin LH, Calabi F, Milstein C |title=Isolation of CD1 genes: a family of major histocompatibility complex-related differentiation antigens |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= 23 |pages= 9154–8 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3097645 |doi=10.1073/pnas.83.23.9154 | pmc=387093 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Balk SP, Burke S, Polischuk JE |title=Beta 2-microglobulin-independent MHC class Ib molecule expressed by human intestinal epithelium |journal=Science |volume=265 |issue= 5169 |pages= 259–62 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7517575 |doi=10.1126/science.7517575 |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 149–56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Kawano T, Cui J, Koezuka Y |title=CD1d-restricted and TCR-mediated activation of valpha14 NKT cells by glycosylceramides |journal=Science |volume=278 |issue= 5343 |pages= 1626–9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9374463 |doi=10.1126/science.278.5343.1626 |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Katabami S, Matsuura A, Chen HZ |title=Structural organization of rat CD1 typifies evolutionarily conserved CD1D class genes |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=48 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–31 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9601940 |doi=10.1007/s002510050396 |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Somnay-Wadgaonkar K, Nusrat A, Kim HS |title=Immunolocalization of CD1d in human intestinal epithelial cells and identification of a beta2-microglobulin-associated form |journal=Int. Immunol. |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 383–92 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10221650 |doi=10.1093/intimm/11.3.383 |display-authors=etal}}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Campbell NA, Kim HS, Blumberg RS, Mayer L | author4-link=Lloyd Mayer |title=The nonclassical class I molecule CD1d associates with the novel CD8 ligand gp180 on intestinal epithelial cells |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 37 |pages= 26259–65 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10473580 |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.37.26259 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors=Han M, Hannick LI, DiBrino M, Robinson MA |title=Polymorphism of human CD1 genes |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=54 |issue= 2 |pages= 122–7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10488738 |doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540202.x }}

External links

• {{MeshName|CD1d+antigen}}
• {{UCSC gene info|CD1A}}
• {{UCSC gene info|CD1D}}

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