| 词条 | Centrolene heloderma |
| 释义 |
| image = | status = PE| status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Centrolene heloderma | authority = ({{ill|William Edward Duellman|lt=Duellman|fr|William Edward Duellman}}, 1981) | synonyms = Centrolenella heloderma Duellman, 1981 }}Centrolene heloderma is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae from the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also known as Pichincha giant glass frog or bumpy glassfrog.[2] DistributionIn Colombia it has been recorded from the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, in the Cauca, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca Departments.[3] In Ecuador it has been recorded from the western Andes in the Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Provinces.[4] DescriptionCentrolene heloderma are small frogs (although among the generally small Centrolene, they are relatively large[5]): males measure {{convert|27|–|32|mm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length and females {{convert|32|mm|abbr=on}} (based on one frog only). It has uniformly green dorsum covered with whitish tubercles. Its snout has a characteristic obtuse profile.[4][6] Females lay clutches up to 29 eggs on the upper side of leaves and very high from the water level. Upon hatching, the tadpoles drop down and develop in fast-flowing water.[6]Habitat and conservationCentrolene heloderma inhabits the upper elevations of cloud forest, and is only found in mature forest.[1] It is an uncommon frog that is active at night and difficult to see. However, males can be heard calling from the vegetation near streams and waterfalls.[6]In Ecuador Centrolene heloderma has disappeared from two known locations (including the type locality where it was last seen in 1979) and is now only known from one location.[4][6] In Colombia it was last recorded in 1996.[1] Its disappearance has been attributed to changing climatic patterns, with habitat loss, alien predatory fish, pollution, and chytridiomycosis as other potential contributing factors.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | author = Luis A. Coloma | author2 = Santiago Ron | author3 = Diego Cisneros-Heredia | author4 = Taran Grant | author5 = Wilmar Bolívar | title = Centrolene heloderma | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2004 | page = e.T54916A11223156 | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54916/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54916A11223156.en | access-date = 4 December 2017}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q509727}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae/Centrolene/Centrolene-heloderma |title=Centrolene heloderma (Duellman, 1981) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=3 February 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.batrachia.com/orden-anura/centrolenidae/centrolene-heloderma/ |title=Centrolene heloderma (Duellman, 1981) |author=Acosta-Galvis, A.R. |year=2014 |work=Lista de los Anfibios de Colombia V.05.2015.0 |publisher=www.batrachia.com |accessdate=3 February 2015}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |title=Centrolene heloderma |author=Guayasamin, J. M. |author2=Frenkel, C. |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013 |work=Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |publisher=Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ) |accessdate=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150203140843/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186# |archive-date=2015-02-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Guayasamin | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Bustamante | first2 = M. R. | last3 = Almeida-Reinoso | first3 = D. | last4 = Funk | first4 = W. C. |last-author-amp=yes | year = 2006 | title = Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 489–513 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00223.x }} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.tropicalherping.com/publications/books/mindo/centrolene-heloderma.html |title=Bumpy Glassfrog Rana de cristal verrugosa |author1=Juan M Guayasamin |author2=Alejandro Arteaga |year=2013 |work=Tropical Herping |accessdate=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203151543/http://www.tropicalherping.com/publications/books/mindo/centrolene-heloderma.html# |archive-date=2015-02-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7 : Centrolene|Amphibians of the Andes|Amphibians of Colombia|Amphibians of Ecuador|Amphibians described in 1981|Taxa named by William Edward Duellman|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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