“Centrosaurinae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The cladogram presented here follows a 2016 phylogenetic analysis by Rivera-Sylva et al..^[6]

The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017):^[7]

The cladogram presented here represents the conclusions of Dalman et al. (2018).^[8]

Biogeography

Centrosaurine fossils have mostly been found in Western North America (Alberta, Montana, & Alaska).^[2] In the United States, two taxa, Diabloceratops and Machairoceratops, have been found as far south as Utah. Yehuecauhceratops is a nasutoceratopsin from Coahuila, Mexico and the southernmost occurrence of a centrosaurine in North America. ^[2] No centrosaurine fossils had been uncovered outside Western North America until 2010 when Sinoceratops zhuchengensis was discovered in the Shandong Province of China.^[12] Some authors question the placement of Sinoceratops within Centrosaurinae, however. All other Late Cretaceous dinosaur groups from North America have been found in Asia as well so the initial absence of Asian centrosaurines had been surprising.^[12] The current evidence suggests that Centrosaurinae originated in Laramidia 90-80 million years ago.^[2] This means Sinoceratops would have migrated to China from North America.^[1] Some hypothesize that centrosaurines originated in the south Laramidia and only later radiated north.^[9]

Body Size

Compared to their sister group, Chasmosaurinae, centrosaurines are relatively small. The primitive Sinoceratops zhuchengensis is an exception, with an estimated skull length of 180 cm.^[10] By contrast, the skull length of Albertoceratops was more typical for this group at only 67 cm.^[4] In general, centrosaurines were about the size of a rhinoceros with body lengths ranging from 2.5 to 8 meters.^[11]

Reproduction

Possible neonate sized centrosaurine fossils have been documented in the scientific literature. Research indicates that centrosaurines did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown.^[3] Scott D. Sampson finds commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended adolescence of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences. In these sorts of groups young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed. Females, by contrast do not have such an extended adolescence.

See also

Footnotes

1. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Ryan|first=Michael J.|last2=Holmes|first2=Robert|last3=Mallon|first3=Jordan|last4=Loewen|first4=Mark|last5=Evans|first5=David C.|date=2016-10-27|title=A basal ceratopsid (Centrosaurinae: Nasutoceratopsini) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=54|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1139/cjes-2016-0110|issn=0008-4077}}
2. ^¹²³{{Cite journal|last=Sampson|first=Scott D.|last2=Lund|first2=Eric K.|last3=Loewen|first3=Mark A.|last4=Farke|first4=Andrew A.|last5=Clayton|first5=Katherine E.|date=2013-09-07|title=A remarkable short-snouted horned dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of southern Laramidia|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1766/20131186|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=280|issue=1766|pages=20131186|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.1186|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3730592|pmid=23864598}}
3. ^¹²{{Cite journal|last=Sampson|first=Scott D.|last2=Ryan|first2=Michael J.|last3=Tanke|first3=Darren H.|date=1997-11-01|title=Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taxonomic and behavioral implications|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/121/3/293/2633685/Craniofacial-ontogeny-in-centrosaurine-dinosaurs|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=121|issue=3|pages=293–337|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x|issn=0024-4082}}
4. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Ryan|first=Michael J.|date=2007-03-01|title=A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the oldman formation, southeastern alberta|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=81|issue=2|pages=376–396|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2|issn=0022-3360}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Maiorino|first=Leonardo|last2=Farke|first2=Andrew A|last3=Kotsakis|first3=Tassos|last4=Piras|first4=Paolo|date=2017|title=Macroevolutionary patterns in cranial and lower jaw shape of ceratopsian dinosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): phylogeny, morphological integration, and evolutionary rates|url=http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/issues/v18/n02/ccar3008.pdf|journal=Evolutionary Ecology Research|volume=18|pages=123–167|via=}}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Rivera-Sylva | first1 = H.E. | last2 = Hendrick | first2 = B.P. | last3 = Dodson | first3 = P. | title = A Centrosaurine (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of Northern Coahuila, Mexico | journal = PLoS ONE | date = 2016 | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | page = e0150529 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0150529 | pmid = 27073969 | pmc = 4830452 }}
7. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Kentaro Chiba |author2=Michael J. Ryan |author3=Federico Fanti |author4=Mark A. Loewen |author5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of Medusaceratops lokii (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=in press |issue= 2|pages= 272–288|doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 }}
8. ^{{cite journal|first1=Sebastian G. |last1=Dalman |first2=John-Paul M. |last2=Hodnett |first3=Asher J. |last3=Lichtig |first4=Spencer G. |last4=Lucas |year=2018 |title=A new ceratopsid dinosaur (Centrosaurinae: Nasutoceratopsini) from the Fort Crittenden Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Arizona |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=79 |pages=141–164 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328637301}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lund|first=Eric K.|last2=O’Connor|first2=Patrick M.|last3=Loewen|first3=Mark A.|last4=Jinnah|first4=Zubair A.|date=2016-05-18|title=A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=5|pages=e0154403|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154403|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4871575|pmid=27192148}}
10. ^¹²{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first=Xing|last2=Wang|first2=KeBai|last3=Zhao|first3=XiJin|last4=Li|first4=DunJing|date=2010-06-01|title=First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=55|issue=16|pages=1631–1635|doi=10.1007/s11434-009-3614-5|issn=1001-6538}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title=Dinosaurs : the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages|last=V.|first=Rey, Luis|date=2007|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780375824197|oclc=930042495}}

Classification

Biogeography

Body Size

Reproduction

See also

Footnotes

References