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词条 Chamar
释义

  1. Demographics

  2. Occupations

  3. Military

  4. Notable people

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

{{short description|Ethnic group}}{{About|the Indian caste|the mountain in Nepal|Chamar (mountain)}}{{Infobox Ethnic group
|image=File:Leather-bottle makers. - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.360v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
|caption=Leather-bottle makers (Presumably members of the ‘Chamaar’ caste), Tashrih al-aqvam (1825)
|group=Chamar
|population=
|popplace = India • Pakistan
|langs = Punjabi • Urdu • Hindi
|rels =
|related =
}}

Chamar is one of the Dalit[1] communities who are now classified as a Scheduled Caste under modern India's system of positive discrimination. As dalits, they were traditionally considered outside the Hindu ritual ranking system of castes known as varna. They are found mainly in the northern states of India and in Pakistan and Nepal.

Ramnarayan Rawat posits that the association of the Chamar community with a traditional occupation of tanning was constructed, and that the Chamars were instead historically agriculturists.[2]

Demographics

According to the 2001 census of India, the Chamars comprise around 14 per cent of the population in the state of Uttar Pradesh[3] and 12 percent of that in Punjab.[4]

Chamar population in India by State, 2001
State Population State Population % Notes
West Bengal[5] 999,756 1.25%
Bihar[6] 4,090,070 5%
Delhi[7] 893,384 6.45%
Chandigarh[8] 48,159 5.3%
Chhattisgarh[9] 1,659,303 8%
Gujarat[10] 1,032,128 1.7%

In Gujarat also known as Bhambi, Asodi, Chamadia, Harali, Khalpa, Mochi, Nalia, Madar, Ranigar, Ravidas, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar.[10] Gujarat's government has made an effort to change their name from 'Chamar' to 'Rohit' and to change the name of their villages and towns from 'Chamarvas' to 'Rohitvas'.[11]

Haryana[12] 2,079,132 9.84%
Himachal Pradesh[13]414,669 6.8%
Jammu & Kashmir[14]488,257 4.82%
Jharkhand[15]837,333 3.1%
Madhya Pradesh[16]837,333 9.3% Chamars are primarily concentrated in Sagar, Morena, Rewa,

Bhind and Chhatarpur districts. Chamars work in land measurement are described as Balahi.[17] Balahi have major concentration in Ujjain, Khargone and Dewas districts.

Maharashtra[18]1,234,874 1.28%
Punjab[19]2,800,000 11.9% The Chamar caste cluster (34.93%) consists of two castes of Chamars and Ad-dharmis. Chamar—an umbrella caste category—includes Chamars, Jatia Chamars, Rehgars, Raigars, Ramdasias, and Ravidassias. [20]
Rajasthan[21]6,100,236 10.8% [22]{{Page needed>date=April 2013}} Raigar (leather tanners) and Mochi (shoe makers) are other two castes related to the leather profession.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}In Bikaner region, they are known as Balai.[23]
Uttar Pradesh[24]19,803,106 14% The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh combined the Chamar, Dhusia, Jhusia, Jatava Scheduled Caste communities and returned a population of 22,496,047.[25]
Uttaranchal[26] 444,535 5%

Occupations

Chamars who have adopted the weaving profession and abandoned tanning and leathercraft, identify themselves as Julaha Chamar; R. K. Pruthi suggests this is in the hope that they might in future be considered as Julaha by other communities in the future.. They believe that leatherwork is "degrading" when compared to weaving.[27]

Military

The 1st Chamar Regiment was an infantry regiment formed by the British during World War II. Officially, it was created on 1 March 1943, as the 27th Battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment was converted.[28]{{fcn|date=September 2018}} The Chamar Regiment was one of the army units which were awarded the Battle Honor of Kohima for their role in the Battle of Kohima.[29] The Regiment was disbanded in 1946.[30] Recently, several politicians have demanded that The Chamar Regiment be revived.[30]

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=List of Scheduled Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76750 |website=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Department of Social Justice and Empowerment Government of India}}
2. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/article2914334.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 February 2012 |title=Aspirations of Chamars in North India |deadurl=no |accessdate=14 January 2013 |location=Chennai, India |first=Bhupendra |last=Yadav}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_up.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh data highlights: the Scheduled Castes, Census of India 2001}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_punjab.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh data highlights: the Scheduled Castes}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_westbengal.pdf |title=West Bengal — DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES — Census of India 2001 |deadurl=no |accessdate=14 January 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_bihar.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_delhi.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Delhi comments.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=6 February 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_chandigarh.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_chhattisgarh.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/state-and-district-wise-scheduled-castes-population-each-caste-seperately-2011-gujarat|title=State and district-wise Scheduled Castes population for each caste seperately [sic], 2011 - GUJARAT}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/rohits-to-replace-chamars-in-gujarat.html|title='Rohits' to replace Chamars in Gujarat|publisher=The Pioneer|date=October 8, 2016|first=Nayan|last=Dave|location=Gandhinagar}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_haryana.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_himachal.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_jk.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_jharkhand.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_madhya_pradesh.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTdnvQBPWIUC&pg=PA579|title=Indian Encyclopaedia|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=21 July 2018|publisher=Cosmo Publications|via=Google Books}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_maha.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_punjab.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ram|first1=Ronki|title=Internal Caste Cleavages among Dalits in Punjab|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=21 January 2017|volume=52|issue=3|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2017/3/punjab%E2%80%94exploring-prospects/internal-caste-cleavages-among-dalits-punjab.html-0}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_rajasthan.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
22. ^{{cite book |title=Studies in Social Protest | publisher=VEDAMS | last=Rawat |first=Shyam | year=2010 | isbn=8131603318}}
23. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKGhCWZs59oC&pg=PA65&dq=balai+bikaner&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oLJ5UpauIMjDrAeynYD4CQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=balai%20bikaner&f=false|title=Balai: Chamars in Bikaner region are known as Balai.}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_up.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=4 February 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_uttaranchal.pdf |title=Census table |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |format=PDF}}
27. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC1bJcd-MDUC&pg=PA189 |title=Indian caste system |first=R. K. |last=Pruthi |publisher=Discovery |page=189 |accessdate=14 April 2012}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=63279&Tab=Uhi&Titl=27/2%20Punjab%20Regiment |title=Orders of Battle - 27/2 Punjab Regiment [British Commonwealth] |work=ordersofbattle.com |accessdate=31 March 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gautambookcenter.com/images/ww2_kohima.pdf|title=The Battle of Kohima|format=PDF}}
30. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rjd-man-raghuvansh-calls-for-reviving-chamar-regiment/759232/ |title=RJD man Raghuvansh calls for reviving Chamar Regiment |work=indianexpress.com |accessdate=31 March 2011}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=23080|quote=...I am a chamar from Punjab...|work=Indian Express|date=2 May 2003}}
32. ^{{cite news |title=Mayawati talks of a secret successor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |work=India Today |publisher=Indo-Asian News Service |date=9 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404213026/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09 |archivedate=4 April 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}

Further reading

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

9 : Hindu communities|Social groups of Bihar|Social groups of Haryana|Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh|Social groups of Punjab, India|Social groups of Rajasthan|Social groups of Delhi|Scheduled Castes of Haryana|Leatherworking castes

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