| 词条 | Budget of NASA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agency_name = National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |abbreviation = NASA |logo = NASA logo.svg |logo_width = 140px |logo_caption = NASA logo |formed = {{Start date and years ago|mf=no|1958|7|29}} |budget = US$ 20.7 billion (Fiscal Year 2018,about 0.489% of total budget at about US$ 4 trillion)[1] |seal=|jurisdiction=|employees=17,336 {{small|(2018)}}|chief1_name=|chief1_position=|chief2_name=|chief2_position=|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=|website=}} As a federal agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) receives its funding from the annual federal budget passed by the United States Congress. The following charts detail the amount of federal funding allotted to NASA each year over its history to pursue programs in aeronautics research, robotic spaceflight, technology development, and human space exploration programs. As of 2018, NASA employs 17,336 people.[2] Annual budgetNASA's budget for fiscal year (FY) 2019 is $21.5 billion.[3] It represents 0.49% of the $4.4 trillion the United States plans to spend that year.[4] Since its inception, the United States has spent $601.31 billion (in nominal dollars) on NASA. When adjusted for inflation the cumulative figure is $1.32 trillion, an average of $22.03 billion per year over its entire history.
Sources for a part of these data: U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (needs proper citation-link, numbers here differ from NASA Pocket Statistics), Secondary references: {{full citation needed|date=December 2014}} Cost of Apollo programNASA's budget peaked in 1964–66, when it consumed roughly 4% of federal spending. The agency was building up to the first Moon landing; the Apollo program involved more than 34,000 NASA employees and 375,000 employees of industrial and university contractors.[18] In March 1966, NASA officials told Congress that the 1959–72 "run-out cost" of the Apollo program would be an estimated $22.718 billion. The total cost turned out to be between $20 and $25.4 billion in 1969 dollars (about $136 billion in 2007 dollars).[19] The costs of the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rockets came to about $83 billion in 2005 dollars. Apollo spacecraft cost $28 billion, including the command and service module, $17 billion; lunar module, $11 billion; and launch vehicles (Saturn I, Saturn IB, Saturn V cost about $46 billion in 2005 dollars).[20] Economic impact of NASA fundingA November 1971 study of NASA released by MRIGlobal (formerly Midwest Research Institute) of Kansas City, Missouri concluded that "the $25 billion in 1958 dollars spent on civilian space R & D during the 1958–1969 period has returned $52.5 billion through 1971 – and will continue to produce payoffs through 1987, at which time the total payoff will have been $181 billion. The discounted rate of return for this investment will have been 33 percent."[21] Other statistics on NASA's economic impact may be found in the 1976 Chase Econometrics Associates, Inc. reports[22] and backed by the 1989 Chapman Research report, which examined 259 non-space applications of NASA technology during an eight-year period (1976–1984) and found more than:
According to a 1992 Nature commentary, these 259 applications represent ". . .only 1% of an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 Space program spin-offs."[23] A 2013 report prepared by the Tauri Group for NASA showed that NASA invested nearly $5 billion in U.S. manufacturing in FY 2012, with nearly $2 billion of that going to the technology sector. NASA also develops and commercializes technology, some of which can generate over $1 billion in revenue per year over multiple years[24] In 2014, the American Helicopter Society criticized NASA and the government for reducing the annual rotorcraft budget from $50 million in 2000 to $23 million in 2013, impacting commercial opportunities.[25] The 2017 Economic Impact Report prepared by NASA for their Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) awards found that for FY 2016, these programs created 2,412 jobs, $474 million in economic output, and $57.3 million in fiscal impact with an initial investment of $172.9 million.[26] Public perceptionThe perceived national security threat posed by early Soviet leads in spaceflight drove NASA's budget to its peak, both in real inflation-adjusted dollars and in a percentage of the total federal budget (4.41% in 1966). But the U.S. victory in the Space Race — landing men on the Moon — erased the perceived threat, and NASA was unable to sustain political support for its vision of an even more ambitious Space Transportation System entailing reusable Earth-to-orbit shuttles, a permanent space station, lunar bases, and a manned mission to Mars. Only a scaled-back Space Shuttle was approved, and NASA's funding leveled off at just under 1% in 1976, then declined to 0.75% in 1986. After a brief increase to 1.01% in 1992, it declined to about 0.49% in 2013. To help with public perception and to raise awareness regarding the widespread benefits of NASA-funded programs and technologies, NASA instituted the Spinoffs publication. This was a direct offshoot of the Technology Utilization Program Report, a "publication dedicated to informing the scientific community about available NASA technologies, and ongoing requests received for supporting information." according to the NASA Spinoff about page the technologies in these reports created interest in the technology transfer concept, its successes, and its use as a public awareness tool. The reports generated such keen interest by the public that NASA decided to make them into an attractive publication. Thus, the first four-color edition of Spinoff was published in 1976.[27] The American public, on average, believes NASA's budget has a much larger share of the federal budget than it actually does. A 1997 poll reported that Americans had an average estimate of 20% for NASA's share of the federal budget, far higher than the actual 0.5% to under 1% that has been maintained throughout the late '90s and first decade of the 2000s.[28] It is estimated that most Americans spent less than $9 on NASA through personal income tax in 2009.[29] However, there has been a recent movement to communicate discrepancy between perception and reality of NASA's budget as well as lobbying to return the funding back to the 1970–1990 level. The United States Senate Science Committee met in March 2012 where astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson testified that "Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th-century birthright to dream of tomorrow."[30][31] Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, the Penny4NASA campaign was initiated in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates the doubling of NASA's budget to one percent of the Federal Budget, or one "penny on the dollar."[32] Political opposition to NASA fundingPublic opposition to NASA and its budget dates back to the Apollo era. Critics have cited more immediate concerns, like social welfare programs, as reasons to cut funding to the agency.[33] Furthermore, they have questioned the return on investment (ROI) feasibility of NASA’s research and development. In 1968, physicist Ralph Lapp argued that if NASA really did have a positive ROI, it should be able to sustain itself as a private company, and not require federal funding.[33] More recently, critics have faulted NASA for sinking money into the Space Shuttle program, reducing funding available for its long-term missions to Mars and deep space.[34] Manned missions to Mars have also been denounced for their inefficiency and large cost compared to unmanned missions.[35] In the late 1990s climate change skeptic political groups opposed the Earth science aspects of NASA spending, arguing that spending on Earth science programs such as climate research was in pursuit of political agendas.[36] Recent developmentsThe NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 was signed into law on March 21, 2017, and marked some changes to NASA’s mission. It reaffirms interest in:
The law also expanded the TREAT Astronauts Act, which provides medical diagnostic and treatment services to former astronauts.[37] Absent from the law is any mention of NASA’s earth science programs, which some critics believe is a politically motivated move.[38] The proposed NASA Authorization Act of 2018 would increase NASA’s budget from $19.5 billion in FY 2017 to $20.74 billion in FY 2018, and again to $21.21 billion in FY 2019.[39] This act supports the initiatives outlined in the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017, and adds a detailed outline of goals regarding NASA’s earth science division.[40] Related legislation
See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2017_nasa_agency_fact_sheet.pdf {{refbegin}}2. ^{{cite web|url=https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF~8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme~STIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x~NXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM~WvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY~XBv9F3PRxbPdQz~LM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0~Ae14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m~qBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D|title=Workforce Profile|publisher=NASA|accessdate=17 September 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/its-over-trump-signs-fy2019-appropriations-bill/|title=It's Over. Trump Signs FY2019 Appropriations Bill|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-25}} 4. ^White House Office of Management and Budget "[https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist01z1-fy2019.xlsx Table 1.1—Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (-): 1789–2023]" 5. ^1 % of total federal expenditures from: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/feb/01/nasa-budgets-us-spending-space-travel 6. ^1 1999–2010 based on federal outlays from: Federal budget (United States)#Total outlays in recent budget submissions 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/420990main_FY_201_%20Budget_Overview_1_Feb_2010.pdf|title=2011 Budget Overview|author=|date=|website=nasa.gov}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/11374-nasa-budget-2011-congress-compromise.html|title=U.S. Budget Compromise Includes $18.5 Billion for NASA|last=Berger|first=Brian|date=2011-04-13|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=30 January 2012}} 9. ^http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/632697main_NASA_FY13_Budget_Summary-508.pdf 10. ^http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/750614main_NASA_FY_2014_Budget_Estimates-508.pdf 11. ^1 2015 NASA Budget Estimates 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/NASA_FY_2016_Budget_Estimates.pdf|title=2016 NASA Budget Estimates}} 13. ^{{cite news |last1=Clark|first1=Stephen |title=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accessdate=2014-12-15 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=2014-12-14 }} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2017_nasa_agency_fact_sheet.pdf|title=Agency fact sheet: NASA's FY 2017 budget request|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|access-date=March 21, 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/442|title=S.442 – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=March 21, 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Staff|first1=Science News|title=Updated: Congress approves largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/03/updated-us-spending-deal-contains-largest-research-spending-increase-decade|website=Science|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=23 March 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|last1=Foust|first1=Jeff|title=NASA receives $20.7 billion in omnibus appropriations bill|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-receives-20-7-billion-in-omnibus-appropriations-bill/|website=Science News|accessdate=23 March 2018}} 18. ^{{Cite book|title=Managing NASA in the Apollo era : an administrative history of the U.S. civilian space program, 1958-1969|last=Levine|first=Arnold S.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration|year=1983|isbn=|location=|pages=|chapter=Chapter 4: The NASA Acquisition Process: Contracting For Research and Development|oclc=317074611}} 19. ^93rd Congress 1973, p. 1271. 20. ^Wilford 1969, p. 67 21. ^[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730012250.pdf "Economic Impact of Stimulated Economic Activity."]. nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2018. 22. ^"The Economic Impact of NASA R&D Spending: Preliminary Executive Summary.", April 1975. Also: "Relative Impact of NASA Expenditure on the Economy.", March 18, 1975 23. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bezdek|first=Roger H.|last2=Wendling|first2=Robert M.|date=January 9, 1992|title=Sharing out NASA's spoils|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v355/n6356/pdf/355105a0.pdf|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|volume=355|issue=6356|pages=105–106|bibcode=1992Natur.355..105B|doi=10.1038/355105a0|access-date=2008-03-30|via=}} 24. ^[https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/NASA-Socio-Economic-Impacts-2013_SEINSI.pdf "NASA Socio-Economic Impacts".] National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2018. 25. ^Hirschberg, Mike. "Investing in Tomorrow’s Civil Rotorcraft" American Helicopter Society, July–August 2014. Accessed: 7 October 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007205200/http://vtol.org/news/commentary-investing-in-tomorrow-s-civil-rotorcraft Archived] on 7 October 2014 26. ^[https://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/2017_NASA_SBIR-STTR_Economic_Impact_Online.pdf "2017 Economic Impact Report"]. nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2018. 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinhist.html|title=About Spinoff|date=n.d.|publisher=NASA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208072735/http://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinhist.html|archivedate=2014-12-08|deadurl=yes|accessdate=26 Nov 2014|df=}} 28. ^{{cite web|last=Launius|first=Roger D. |title=Public opinion polls and perceptions of US human spaceflight|url=https://si.academia.edu/RogerLaunius/Papers/93299/_Public_Opinion_Polls_and_Perceptions_of_US_Human_Spaceflight_|publisher=Division of Space History, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Personal Income Tax Paid To NASA In 2009 By Income Level|url=http://nasacost.com/|publisher=NASACost.com}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony|publisher=Hayden Planetarium |accessdate=4 Dec 2012 |date=7 Mar 2012}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-video |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony (Video)|publisher=Hayden Planetarium |accessdate=4 Dec 2012 |date=7 Mar 2012}} 32. ^{{cite web|title=Why We Fight – Penny4NASA|url=http://www.penny4nasa.org/why-we-fight/|publisher=Penny4NASA|accessdate=30 Nov 2012}} 33. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/60759/case-cutting-nasas-budget|title=A Case for Cutting NASA's Budget|work=The New Republic|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en-US}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/12166-space-shuttle-program-cost-promises-209-billion.html|title=NASA's Shuttle Program Cost $209 Billion — Was it Worth It?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-12-04}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/16918-nasa-mars-human-spaceflight-goals.html|title=Should NASA Ditch Manned Missions to Mars?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-12-04}} 36. ^Eric Berger (October 29, 2015) [https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/10/republicans-outraged-over-nasa-earth-science-programs-that-reagan-began/ Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs… that Reagan began]. Ars Technica 37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/442|title=S.442 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017|last=Cruz|first=Ted|date=2017-03-21|website=www.congress.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-law-budget-president-trump-2017-3|title=Trump just signed a law that maps out NASA's long-term future — but a critical element is missing|last=Mosher|first=Dave|date=March 21, 2017|website=Business Insider|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://science.house.gov/news/press-releases/sst-committee-approves-nasa-authorization-act-2018|title=SST Committee Approves Bipartisan NASA Authorization Act of 2018|last=|first=|date=2018-04-17|website=Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 40. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5503/text|title=Text - H.R.5503 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2018|last=Babin|first=Brian|date=2018-04-17|website=www.congress.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 41. ^National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005, PL 109-155, US Government, December 30, 2005. 42. ^{{cite web|title=H.R. 4412 – Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4412|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=9 June 2014}} 43. ^[https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-acting-administrator-statement-on-the-nasa-authorization-act-of-2017 ] 44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/442/text|title=Text - S.442 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017|first=Cruz|last=Ted|date=21 March 2017|website=www.congress.gov}}
External links
2 : United States federal budgets|NASA oversight |
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开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。