| 词条 | Charles Gayarré |
| 释义 |
| name = Charles Gayarré | image = Charles Gayarré by Jules Lion.png |office1 = Secretary of State of Louisiana |term1 = 1845–1853 |predecessor1 = Zenon Ledoux |successor1 =Andrew Herron |office2 = Member of the Louisiana House of Representatives |term2 = 1830–1831; 1844–1846; 1856–1857 |predecessor2 = |successor2 = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1805|2|11}} |birth_place = New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1895|01|09|1805|02|11}} |death_place = New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | party = Jacksonian {{small|(1834–1844)}} Democratic {{small|(1844–1895)}} | education = College d'Orléans | spouse = Sarah Sullivan }}Charles-Étienne Arthur Gayarré (January 9, 1805 – February 11, 1895) was an American historian, attorney, slaveowner and politician born to a Spanish and French Creole planter family in New Orleans, Louisiana. A Confederate sympathizer and a writer of plays, essays, and novels, Gayarré is chiefly remembered for his histories of Louisiana.[1] Early and family lifeThe grandson of Étienne de Boré, New Orlean's first mayor and who introduced cultivation of indigo and sugarcane to the area, Charles Gayarré was born at the Boré plantation, which was then outside the city limits of New Orleans. (It has long been incorporated into the city as Audubon Park.) His paternal grandfather, Don Esteban de Gayarre, arrived in the area with Spanish Governor Antonio de Ulloa after France ceded it to Spain, and had been comptroller of the province of Louisiana. His other maternal grandfather was the former colonial treasurer under the French and master of Destrehan Plantation, which was involved in a suppressed slave revolt when Charles was a boy. After studying at the College d'Orléans Gayarré began in 1826 legal studies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 28, 1856, Gayarré married Sarah Anne (Shadie) Sullivan (1820-1914) in Lowndes County, Mississippi. In the 1860census, he owned about a dozen slaves.[2] CareerIn 1825, Gayarré published a pamphlet criticizing changes that Edward Livingston proposed in the Louisiana Criminal Code, particularly with respect to capital punishment (the fate of nearly 100 recaptured slaves during the 1811 German Coast revolt when he was a child).[3] He then traveled to Philadelphia for his legal studies, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1829. In 1830 upon returning to New Orleans, Gayarré was elected a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, and the leadership asked him to draft an address complimenting the French legislators during the Revolution of 1830. In 1831, after admission to the Louisiana bar, Gayarré became his state's Deputy Attorney General. In 1833 he became presiding judge of the city court of New Orleans. In 1834 he was elected as a Jackson Democrat to the United States Senate. However, he resigned citing health reasons before taking his seat. For the next eight years, Gayarré traveled in Europe and collected historical material from France and the Spain. Some of the historical documents that he used were written by his ancestor, Esteban de Gayarré, In 1844-1845 and in 1856-1857 he was elected again as a Democratic Party member of the state House of Representatives, and from 1845 to 1853 was appointed as Secretary of State of Louisiana. In 1853 he failed to win election to the U.S. Congress as an Independent, but remained active in Louisiana politics as an ally of John Slidell in the "Regular Democratic" movement. Gayarre lost his fortune of $400,000[4] by supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In 1863 Gayarré proposed that slaves be emancipated and armed, provided that France and England recognized the Confederacy (no foreign country recognized it). After the war, Gayarré published his 3-volume History of Louisiana (with an introduction by George Bancroft) and a biography of Philip II of Spain, but was never elected to any office. He became a reporter of decisions for the Louisiana Supreme Court, but he lived chiefly by his pen. He had a long-standing association with the Louisiana Historical Society, of which he was unpaid President from 1860 to 1888,[5] thus working with former Confederate President Jefferson Davis after his release from federal custody. Gayarré wrote Histoire de la Louisiane (1847); Romance of the History of Louisiana (1848); Louisiana: its Colonial History and Romance (1851), reprinted in A History of Louisiana; History of Louisiana: the Spanish Domination (1854); Philip II of Spain (1866); and A History of Louisiana (4 vols., 1866), the last collecting and adding to his earlier works in this field. The whole covered the history of Louisiana from its earliest discovery by Europeans to 1861. He wrote also several dramas and romances, the best{{why|date=March 2018}} of the latter being Fernando de Lemos (1872). Death and legacyGayarre died in New Orleans on February 11, 1895, survived by his widow, and is buried at St. Louis Cemetery in New Orleans.[6] WorksIn French:
In English:
References1. ^Appleton's Cyclopedia vol.III p.619 2. ^1860 U.S. Federal Census, slave schedules for St. Helena, Louisiana show Charles Gayarre as owning six slaves, and the same census results for New Orleans Ward 5 show him owning seven slaves, of whom five were children. 3. ^Appleton's cyclopedia 4. ^{{cite journal|journal=Southern Literary Journal|title=Charles Gayarre and Grace King: Letters of a Louisiana Friendship|last=Bush|first=Robert|volume=7|number=1|date=Fall 1974|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-131897765/charles-gayarre-and-grace-king-letters-of-a-louisiana|access-date=March 22, 2018}} 5. ^http://louisianahistoricalsociety.org/about-the-louisiana-historical-society/lhs-presidents/ 6. ^https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/90316291 Further reading
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17 : 1805 births|1895 deaths|19th-century American dramatists and playwrights|19th-century American historians|19th-century American novelists|19th-century American politicians|19th-century American male writers|American male dramatists and playwrights|American male novelists|Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress|Louisiana Creole people of Spanish descent|Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives|People of Louisiana in the American Civil War|Secretaries of State of Louisiana|Writers from New Orleans|Novelists from Louisiana|American male non-fiction writers |
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