| 词条 | Charles James Martin (physiologist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Charles Martin | birth_name = Charles James Martin | native_name_lang = | image = Portrait of Sir Charles J. Martin Wellcome L0017186.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1866|1|9}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|2|15|1866|1|9}} | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = | spouse = | children = }}Sir Charles James Martin {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG|FRS|FRCS}}[1] (9 January 1866 – 15 February 1955) was a British scientist who did seminal work on a very wide range of topics including snake toxins, control of body temperature, plague and the way it was spread, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid, nutrition and vitamin deficiencies, proteins, and myxomatosis as a means of controlling rabbit populations. He was a director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, serving from 1903 to 1930.[1][2] Early lifeBorn in Wilmot House, Dalston,[3] Hackney, North London he was the twelfth[3] child of Josiah (an insurance company actuary) and Elizabeth Mary Martin (née Lewis),[3] Charles James was part of an extended family of children from his parents' previous marriages. Being a delicate child, he was sent off to a private boarding school in Hastings. At 15 he was employed as a junior clerk at the insurance firm where his father worked. He studied mathematics as a requirement for a future as actuary, but showed no special aptitude. Browsing through the numerous bookshops in the area, he came across a secondhand copy of "A Hundred Experiments in Chemistry for One Shilling." Carrying out these experiments, he was sufficiently inspired to entreat his father to allow him to pursue a career in science. He accordingly took evening classes at King's College, London. He then studied medicine at St Thomas's Hospital and spent some time in Leipzig studying physiology under Karl Ludwig. CareerIn 1887 he was appointed demonstrator in biology and physiology at King's College. In 1891 he accepted a post as lecturer at Sydney University, before moving to the University of Melbourne as acting Professor of Physiology. He remained in Australia for 12 years, after which he returned to the UK to become the first Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.[4] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901.[1] His candidacy citation read: {{centred pull quote|Professor of Physiology in the University of Melbourne. Is eminently distinguished as an original investigator in Physiology. His chief original papers deal with the Chemistry and Physiology Action of Snake Venom, and with the action and reaction of Toxins and Antitoxins. Author of: – 'The Chemistry of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake' (Proc Roy Soc, NSW, 1892); 'The Physiology Action of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake' (ibid, 1895); Curative Action of Calmette's Serum against Australian Snakes' (Internat Med Journ, 1897–1898, and Proc Roy Soc, 1898); 'Nature of the Antagonism between Toxins and Antitoxins' (ibid, 1898, joint Author); 'Separation of Colloids and Crystalloids by Filtration' (Journ of Physiology, 1896); 'Observations on the Anatomy of the Muzzel of 'Ornithorhynchus',' with Dr Wilson (Linn Soc, NSW, 1892); 'Observations on the Femoral Gland of 'Ornithorhynchus',' with Dr Tidswell (Linn Soc, NSW, 1894); 'An Investigation into the Effects of the Darling Pea, 'Swainsonia galegifolia' (Agricultural Department of NSW); 'Cerebral Localization in Platypus' (Journ of Physiol, 1899)'[5]}} During World War I he served with the Australian Army Medical Corps in Gallipoli, Egypt, and France as a pathologist with the rank of Lieutenant-colonel. After the war he returned to the Lister Institute until his retirement in 1930. He then spent a further two years in Australia as head of the animal nutrition division of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in Adelaide. On his return to the UK he went to live at Roebuck House in Old Chesterton, Cambridge, which he equipped as a laboratory. During WWII it was used to rehouse the experimental animals being used for medical studies by the staff of the Lister Institute. He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1923 and delivered the Royal College of Physicians Croonian Lectures in 1930. He was knighted in 2015. Personal lifeHe died in 1955 at Old Chesterton. He had married Edith Cross, born 24 February 1860, died 2 March 1954, daughter of Alfred Cross in 1891.[6] They had one daughter. He is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his wife. References1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal | last1 = Chick | first1 = D. H. | authorlink = Harriette Chick| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1956.0013 | title = Charles James Martin. 1866-1955 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 2 | pages = 172–208 | year = 1956 | pmid = | pmc = }} 2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Copping | first1 = A. M. | title = Sir Charles James Martin--A biographical sketch (1866-1955) | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 101 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–8 | year = 1971 | pmid = 4924885}} 3. ^1 2 Chick: Sir Charles James Martin(1866–1955)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009, accessed 14 Jan 2013 4. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = C. J. | title = Charles James Martin, Kt, C.M.G., F.R.C.P., DSc., F.R.S | doi = 10.1079/BJN19560003 | journal = British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | year = 2007 | pmid = 13315918| pmc = }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27EC%2F1901%2F09%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl |title=DServe Archive Catalog Show |publisher=.royalsociety.org |date=15 February 1955 |accessdate=20 June 2012}} 6. ^"Charles Martin his life and letters", by Martin Gibbs, published in 2011 External links
14 : British scientists|1866 births|1955 deaths|People from Hackney Central|Alumni of King's College London|Fellows of King's College London|Academics of King's College London|Royal Medal winners|Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London|Fellows of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians|Knights Bachelor|Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George|People from Chesterton, Cambridge |
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