“Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Webster/Dudley Band of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians, also known as the Chaubunagungamaug, Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Pegan or Dudley Indians, are a Native American tribe indigenous to the U.S. states of Massachusetts and Connecticut in the region of New England. They are one of three tribes with state recognition in Massachusetts as a tribe of Nipmuck Indians, including the Hassanamisco Nipmuc and the Natick Massachusett, although the latter are mainly descended from the Massachusett people.

Members trace their ancestry to Nipmuck that lived between Lake Chaubunagungamaug and the Maanexit River. Contact with English settlers began in the 1630s, as the colonists began following the Indian trails to new settlements in the Pioneer Valley or the Pequot War (1634-1638). By the 1670s, the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck came under the nominal control of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and under the expanding missionary influence of the Rev. John Eliot, leading to the establishment of a 'Praying Town of Chabanakongkomun' in 1674.^[2] After the ravages of King Philip's War (1675-1676), the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck were awarded a reservation in 1682. This reservation was sold in 1870, following the passage of the Massachusetts Indian Enfranchisement Act the year prior, forcing the tribe to disperse and assimilate into the surrounding communities.^[1]

The tribe incorporated in 1981, and subsequently received state recognition from the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs. Private land in Webster, Massachusetts and Thompson, Connecticut is used by the tribe as its unofficial reservation.^[3] Members worked closely with the Hassanamisco Nipmuc under Nipmuc Nation, especially in regards to federal recognition, but the tribe split from Nipmuc Nation in 1996. Many of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck remain affiliated with Nipmuc Nation, where they are counted amongst the Hassanamisco Nipmuc. The tribe was denied federal recognition as an Indian tribe in 2001, 2004 and 2007 decisions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.^[4]

Ethnonyms

The Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck are unique amongst Nipmuc groups in preferring the usage of 'Nipmuck' as opposed to the more commonly found 'Nipmuc.' Both variants were historically, and even sometimes even now, interchangeably and derive from Nipmuc/Nipmuck nippamaug, 'freshwater fishing pond.' This has cognates in the closely related Massachusett language (with revived Wampanoag spelling in parentheses), such as the base nippa-^[5]/(nup-),^[6] 'freshwater,' and -âmaug^[7]/(-ômâk),^[8] 'fishing pond.'^[9]

Chaubunagungamaug, one of two official indigenous names for Webster Lake which occupies much of the southern half of the town, signifies 'divided fishing place' or 'fishing place at the boundary' because the lake was once divided into exclusive fishing zones with the Nipmuck at the northern part of the lake living in a village also known as Chabunagungamag and a related Nipmuck group living at Monuhchogok (Manchaug) to the south of the lake. The lake's full name is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg and includes roots cognate to Massachusett [chad]chapun-^[10]/([cha]châpunum-),^[11] 'to divide,' and -âmaug/(-ômâk), 'fishing pond.' Eliot used a variant, Chabonakongkomun, for the Praying town established near the site of the old village and its inhabitants.^[12]

Throughout most of the eighteenth century, the Nipmuck of Chaubunagungamaug were commonly referred to as the Pegan Indians (not to be confused with Piegan Blackfoot) because of the prevalent nature of the surname Pegan amongst its members, many of whom had ancestral ties to Natick. It is found in local place names as pegan- or pahegan- meaning 'clear'—as in something cut down or thin to let light through, and by extension, 'bare,' 'barren,' or 'treeless.' It is cognate to Massachusett pohk-^[13]/(pâhk-),^[14] 'clear.'^[15]^[16]

The English, and later other immigrants, generally referred to the Nipmuck near the lake by the name of the location of the reservation. As Praying Indians, they were originally known as the Praying Indians of Chabanakongkomun. The reservation lands granted by Massachusetts were included in the town of Dudley, Massachusetts, and moved to a section of town later ceded and incorporated as the town of Webster, Massachusetts. As a result, they were known as the Dudley, Webster-Dudley, Dudley-Webster and Webster Indians. In 1996, the tribe adopted the formal name Webster/Dudley Band of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians.^[17]

Location

The Nipmuck homeland was referred to as Nippenet, 'freshwater (pond) place,' due to the large number of small ponds and lakes that dotted the region now covered by most of central Massachusetts and adjacent portions of north-eastern Connecticut and north-western Rhode Island. Within this region, the Chaubunagungamaug were concentrated in an area between Lake Chaubunagungamaug and the Maanexit River, corresponding to the towns of Dudley, Southbridge, Webster, Charlton, Oxford, Sutton, Douglas in southern Worcester County, Massachusetts and the town of Thompson in Windham County, Connecticut.

The principal village of Chaubunagungamaug was located north of the lake in what is now Webster. The reserve lands were dwindled away and later surrounded by the town of Dudley. The reservation lands were moved back to the area around the lake which was later split off and incorporated as the town of Webster, where a few acres remain in the tribe's use as the reservation.^[16]

Tribal Membership

Membership in the tribe is open to lineal descendants of the 'Dudley Indians' enumerated in the 1861 Report to the Governor and Council concerning the Indians of the Commonwealth (Earle Report) conducted by Indian Commissioner John Milton Earle or the 1890 Worcester Probate Court lists of beneficiaries to the funds from the reservation land sales.^[17] Surnames of Dudley Indians on the Earle Report of 1861 include Bakeman, Beaumont, Belden, Cady, Corbin, Daley, Dorus, Esau, Fiske, Freeman, Henry, Hull, Humphrey, Jaha, Kyle, Nichols, Oliver, Pegan, Robinson, Shelley, Sprague, White, Willard and Williard.^[18] In 2004, the tribe had 354 members.^[1]

In 2004, 277, or 53%, of the Nipmuck identifying with the Nipmuc Nation and listed in the Hassanamisco Nipmuc tribal rolls at the time were Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck that remained after the 1996 exit of the Webster/Dudley Band, mostly from the Jaha, Humphrey, Belden, Pegan/Wilson, Pegan and Sprague families listed on the Earle Report. This also indicated that at that time, 43% of the total known population of descendants of the Dudley Indians, to which the Webster/Dudley Band are a successor, were not included in tribal rolls.^[19]

Government

Since 1981, when Sachem ('Chief') Edwin Wise Owl Morse, Sr., incorporated as the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, traditional leadership of the tribe has passed through his descendants, currently headed by Sachem Edwin Morse III.^[20] Since 1996, the tribe has its own elected council.^[17] The council is elected to serve three-year terms, with elections occurring at the end of December. As of November 2013, the council consists of Chairman/Treasurer Kenneth White, Vice-Chairman David White, Secretary Sherry Davis, Enrollment Committee Chairperson Stacey Kelleher, Resident Agent Tom Morse, Claudia Zatorski, Barbi Gardiner and Melissa Greene. Councillors are restricted to certain family lines, such as the Dorus/White, Sprague/Henries and Nichols/Heath branches.^[17]^[21]

Relationship with other Nipmuck

Although tribal relations between the Webster/Dudley Band of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc (including Nipmuc Nation Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuc) were formerly strained, the close kinship ties and shared cultural pursuits have helped to heal old wounds. The two tribes are currently working together to revive the Nipmuck language, get Nipmuck involved in archaeological projects such as Project Mishoon and make use of land identified by the East Quabbin Land trust as a possible site for a Nipmuck cultural centre.^[31] Other Nipmuc(k) groups, without state recognition, include the Connecticut Nipmuc, descendants of Nipmuck from the Praying towns that were located in what is now Connecticut and Nipmuck that relocated there,^[23] as well as the Quinsigamond Nipmuc, including many Nipmuck that either descend from the original Quinsigamond Nipmuc^[16] or later migrants into the areas around Worcester, Massachusetts. Nippamaug of all bands regularly attend the powwows, Indian fairs and social gatherings of the others.^[24] The Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Hassanamisco Nipmuc and Natick Massachusett, as state recognized tribes in Massachusetts, work with the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs to provide support for Native peoples.^[25]

Notable Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck

Chiefs and Leaders

Veterans

'Last of the Nipmucks'

The following gained notoriety as the so-called 'last of the' or 'last full-blooded' Nipmuck:

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Martin, A. M. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Final determination against federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation (fr25jn04-110). U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
2. ^Cogley, R. W. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JInA4oZmRrUC John eliot's mission to the indians before king philip's war] (pp. 157-166). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. ^Blumenthal, R. Connecticut Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Indian Affairs. (2002). Comments of the state of connecticut and the northeastern connecticut council of governments on the proposed findings on the petitions for tribal acknowledgement of the nipmuc nation and the webster/dudley band of the chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/ag/lib/ag/press_releases/2002/indian/nipmuc_brief.pdf.
4. ^Artman, C. J. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2007). In re federal acknowledgement of the webster/dudley band of chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609200103/http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/xofa/documents/text/idc-001549.pdf |date=2014-06-09 }} (IBIA 01-154-A). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
5. ^Trumbull, J. H. (1903). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cu4NAAAAIAAJ Natick Dictionary]. (pp. 85, 243. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
6. ^Hicks, N. (2006). A list of initials and finals in wôpanâak. (Master's thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 26.
7. ^Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 7, 18, 259-260.
8. ^Hicks, N. (2006). p. 27.
9. ^Hodge, R. W. (2006). Handbook of American Indians, north of Mexico. (Vol. II). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. p. 74.
10. ^Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 24, 246, 319.
11. ^Hicks, N. (2006). pp. 13, 80.
12. ^Cogley. R. W. (2009). pp. 155-166.
13. ^Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 115, 127-128.
14. ^Hicks, N. (2006). p. 60.
15. ^Huden, J. C. (1962). [https://archive.org/stream/indianplacenames00hude/indianplacenames00hude_djvu.txt Indian place names of new england]. New York, NY: Heye Foundation, Museum of the American Indian. pp. 387-394.
16. ^¹²Galvin, W. F. Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC), (2007). Historic & archaeological resources of central massachusetts: A framework for preservation decisions. Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Historical Society.
17. ^¹²³McCaleb, N. A. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2001). Summary under the criteria and evidence for proposed finding: Webster/dudley band of chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609195956/http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/xofa/documents/text/idc-001554.pdf |date=2014-06-09 }} (CBN-V001-D005). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
18. ^Earle, J. M. Office of the Governor of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Senate-Appointed Indian Commissioner. (1861). [https://books.google.com/books?id=znMTAAAAYAAJ Report to the governor and council concerning the indians of the commonwealth, under the act of april 6, 1859]. Boston, MA: William White, State Printer.
19. ^Darling, N. Department of the Interior, (2004). Martin issues final determination to decline federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929073126/http://www.doi.gov/news/nipmuc.html |date=2006-09-29 }}. Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior News.
20. ^¹²³⁴Obituaries: Edwin morse, jr., chief red fox. (2013, June 07). Webster Times, p. O2.
21. ^Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indian Council (CBNI). Council news: CBNI Election results. (2013, November 01).
22. ^¹Minder, B. L. (2010, 2 9). Chief wise owl dies; led nipmuc recognition battle. Worcester Telegram and Gazette.
23. ^Prindle, T. (2013). Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut.
24. ^Holley, C. T. (2012, January 02). Working together in nipmuc country in 2011{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Unnai: Nipmuc Museum Web Log.
25. ^¹Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs (2013, June). In Peters, J. (Executive Director). Minutes from the june 11, 2013 meeting. 100 Cambridge Street Conference Room 2A. Massachusetts commission on Indian affairs meeting, Boston, MA.
26. ^¹²Connole, D. A. (2007). p. 242.
27. ^Cogley, R. W. (2009). p. 157-164.
28. ^https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/behind_the_scenes/nipmuc_language
29. ^¹²³⁴Diaz, B. L., Gentry H. L. and Strahan J. D. (2008). African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War: A Guide to Service, Sources and Studies. Eric G. Grundset, (ed.). Washington, D. C.: National Society Daughters of the American Revolution. {{ISBN|978-1-892237-10-1}}
30. ^¹²³⁴⁵Doughton, T. L. (1997). 'Unseen neighbors: Native americans of central massachusetts, a people who had "vanished".' In [https://books.google.com/books?id=lbd8VHi8HjgC After King Philip's War: Presence and persistence in indian new england]. ed. Colin G. Calloway. (p. 207-230). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.