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词条 Bullingdon Club
释义

  1. History

     Today 

  2. Reputation

  3. Dress

  4. Relationship with the University

  5. Photographs of club members

  6. Documentary

  7. Cultural references

  8. Members

     Royalty  Nobility  Politicians  Business  Other 

  9. See also

  10. References

{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

The Bullingdon Club is an exclusive all-male dining club for Oxford University undergraduates, though it is not officially recognised by that institution. It is noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets, boisterous rituals and destructive behaviour, such as the vandalising ("trashing") of restaurants and students' rooms. Many local outlets refuse to host these events.

The Bullingdon was originally a sporting club, dedicated to cricket and horse-racing, although club dinners gradually became its principal activity. Membership is expensive, with tailor-made uniforms, regular gourmet hospitality, and a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damages. The club has attracted controversy, as some members have gone on to become part of Britain's political establishment. These include the former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, and Nick Hurd, current Minister of State for Policing and the Fire Services.

The Bullingdon is regularly featured in fiction and drama, sometimes under its own name, and sometimes easily recognisable under another (as in the 2014 film The Riot Club).

History

The Bullingdon Club was founded over 200 years ago. Petre Mais claims it was founded in 1780 and was limited to 30 men,[1] and Viscount Long, who was a member in 1875, described it as "an old Oxford institution, with many good traditions".[2] Originally it was a hunting and cricket club, and Thomas Assheton Smith II is recorded as having batted for the Bullingdon against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1796.[3] In 1805 cricket at Oxford University "was confined to the old Bullingdon Club, which was expensive and exclusive".[4] This foundational sporting purpose is attested to in the Club's symbol.

The Wisden Cricketer reports that the Bullingdon is "ostensibly one of the two original Oxford University cricket teams but it actually used cricket merely as a respectable front for the mischievous, destructive or self-indulgent tendencies of its members".[5] By the late 19th century, the present emphasis on dining within the Club began to emerge. Long attested that in 1875 "Bullingdon Club [cricket] matches were also of frequent occurrence, and many a good game was played there with visiting clubs. The Bullingdon Club dinners were the occasion of a great display of exuberant spirits, accompanied by a considerable consumption of the good things of life, which often made the drive back to Oxford an experience of exceptional nature".[2] A report of 1876 relates that "cricket there was secondary to the dinners, and the men were chiefly of an expensive class".[6] The New York Times told its readers in 1913 that "The Bullingdon represents the acme of exclusiveness at Oxford; it is the club of the sons of nobility, the sons of great wealth; its membership represents the 'young bloods' of the university".[7]

Today

Today, the Bullingdon is still primarily a dining club, although a vestige of the Club's sporting links survives in its support of an annual point to point race. The Club President, known as the "General", presents the winner's cup, and the Club members meet at the race for a champagne breakfast. The Club also meets for an annual Club dinner. Guests may be invited to either of these events. There may also be smaller dinners during the year to mark the initiation of new members. The club often books private dining rooms under an assumed name, as most restaurateurs are wary of the Club's reputation for causing considerable drunken damage during the course of dinner.

In 2007 a photograph of the Bullingdon Club taken in 1987 was discovered - it made the headlines because two of the posing members, Boris Johnson and David Cameron, had gone on to careers in politics and were, at the time, Mayor of London and Leader of the Conservative Party respectively.[8] The copyright owners have since declined to grant permission to use the picture.[10]

In recent years, especially following negative media attention and the Club's apparent depiction in the play Posh and its film adaptation The Riot Club, membership has dwindled: in 2016 it was reported there were only between four and six members left, all of them postgraduates, with no new undergraduate members joining the previous year.[9] Oxford students cited an unwillingness to be associated with the "ostentatious wealth celebration" the Club was known for.[10] In June 2017, members of the Club attempting to recreate the infamous 1987 photo on the steps of Christ Church were escorted out by college porters for not securing permission for the shoot. Nearby students jeered the members as they left, with one even playing "Yakety Sax" (the theme song for The Benny Hill Show).[11]

Reputation

The club has always been noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets and boisterous rituals, such as vandalising ('trashing') of restaurants and college rooms,[12] complemented by a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damage.[13] Its ostentatious display of wealth attracts controversy, since some ex-members have subsequently achieved high political posts, most notably the former British Prime Minister David Cameron, the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne and the former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. A number of episodes over many decades have provided anecdotal evidence of the Club's behaviour. Infamously on 12 May 1894, after dinner, Bullingdon members smashed almost all the glass of the lights and 468 windows in Peckwater Quad of Christ Church, along with the blinds and doors of the building, and again on 20 February 1927.[14][15][16] As a result, the Club was banned from meeting within 15 miles of Oxford.[13]

While still Prince of Wales, Edward VIII had a certain amount of difficulty in getting his parents' permission to join the Bullingdon on account of the Club's reputation. He eventually obtained it only on the understanding that he never join in what was then known as a "Bullingdon blind", a euphemistic phrase for an evening of drink and song. On hearing of his eventual attendance at one such evening, Queen Mary sent him a telegram requesting that he remove his name from the Club.[7][17]

Andrew Gimson, biographer of Boris Johnson, reported about the club in the 1980s: "I don't think an evening would have ended without a restaurant being trashed and being paid for in full, very often in cash. [...] A night in the cells would be regarded as being par for a Buller man and so would debagging anyone who really attracted the irritation of the Buller men."[18]

In December 2005 Bullingdon Club members smashed 17 bottles of wine, "every piece of crockery" and a window at the 15th century White Hart pub in Fyfield near Oxford.[19] The dinner was organised by The Honourable Alexander Fellowes, son of Baron Fellowes and nephew to Diana, Princess of Wales; four members of the party were arrested.[20] A further dinner was reported in 2010 after damage to a country house.[21]

In the last few years, the Bullingdon has been mentioned in the debates of the House of Commons in order to draw attention to excessive behaviour across the British class spectrum,[22] and to embarrass prominent Conservative Party politicians who are former members of the Bullingdon.[23][24] Johnson has since tried to distance himself from the club, calling it "a truly shameful vignette of almost superhuman undergraduate arrogance, toffishness and twittishness."[25]

Dress

The Club's colours are sky blue and ivory. Members dress for their annual Club dinner in specially made traditional tailcoats in dark navy blue, with a matching velvet collar, offset with ivory silk lapel revers, brass monogrammed buttons, a mustard waistcoat, and a sky blue bow tie. There is also a Club tie, which is sky blue striped with ivory. These are all provided by the Oxford branch of court tailors Ede and Ravenscroft. In 2007 the full uniform cost around £3,500.[26] Traditionally when they played cricket, members "were identified by a ribbon of blue and white on their straw hats, and by stripes of the same colours down their flannel trousers".[27]

Relationship with the University

The Bullingdon is not currently registered with the University of Oxford,[28] but members are drawn from among the members of the University. On several occasions in the past, when the club was registered, the University proctors have suspended it on account of the rowdiness of members' activities,[2] including suspensions in 1927 and 1956.[29] John Betjeman wrote in 1938 that "quite often the Club is suspended for some years after each meeting".[30] While under suspension, the club has been known to meet in relative secrecy.

The club was active in Oxford in 2008/9, although not registered with the University. In his retirement speech as proctor, Professor of Geology Donald Fraser noted an incident which, not being on University premises, was outside their jurisdiction: "some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of ‘We are the Bullingdon’ at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But the transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them to be quiet was written in language that is not usually printed".[28]

In October 2018, the Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA) announced that members of the Bullingdon Club would be banned from holding office within the Association. OUCA president, Ben Etty, said the Club's "values and activities had no place in the modern Conservative Party'".[31] This decision was overturned several weeks later "on a constitutional technicality", although Etty was confident that "that ban will be re-proposed very soon".[32] The ban was later re-implemented on appeal to OUCA's Senior Member and remains in effect.[33]

Photographs of club members

A number of photographs of club members have emerged over the years which give insights into the members.

A photograph taken in 1987 depicting David Cameron and Boris Johnson together amongst other members of the club, including Jonathan Ford of the Financial Times,[34] is perhaps the best-known example. In an interview with the BBC's Andrew Marr, David Cameron said that the photograph was an embarrassment.[35] BBC Two's Newsnight commissioned a painting to recreate the photograph because the photographers who own the copyright objected to its being published on commercial grounds.[18][36]

A photograph taken in 1988, also depicting British Prime Minister David Cameron, this time in the centre of the group, later emerged.[34] It was found by the student newspaper, VERSA, amongst over a dozen other photographs of the club dated between 1950 and 2010 hanging on the wall of the tailor that is believed to have made the members’ suits, and led to a number of other past members being identified. Gillman and Soame, the photographers who own the copyright to the image, withdrew permission for it to be reproduced.[35] VERSA, which discovered the photographs, commissioned sketches to reproduce the scenes depicted in them.[37]

A photograph of the club taken in 1992 depicted members George Osborne, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild, David Cameron's cousin Harry Mount and Ocado founder Jason Gissing.[38] In the Mail on Sunday, Peter Hitchens claimed that the photograph had been doctored, and that it appeared that people had been removed from it.[38][39]

In 2013 a new photograph emerged of club members flying by private jet to a hunting expedition in South Africa. The photograph is believed to have been taken in 2011 or 2012. Pictured in the photograph are Hon. Michael Marks, Cassius Nicholas Green, Timothy Aldersly, Charles Clegg, Alick Dru and Hon. George Farmer – the son of senior treasurer of the Conservative Party, Michael Farmer.

Documentary

David Cameron's and Boris Johnson's period in the Bullingdon Club was examined in the UK Channel 4 docu-drama When Boris Met Dave, broadcast on 7 October 2009 on More 4. An Observer Magazine article in October 2011 reviewed George Osborne's membership of the club.[40]

Cultural references

The Bullingdon is satirised as the Bollinger Club (Bollinger being a notable brand of champagne) in Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall (1928), where it has a pivotal role in the plot: the mild-mannered hero is blamed for the Bollinger Club's destructive rampage through his college and is sent down. Tom Driberg claimed that the description of the Bollinger Club was a "mild account of the night of any Bullingdon Club dinner in Christ Church. Such a profusion of glass I never saw until the height of the Blitz. On such nights, any undergraduate who was believed to have 'artistic' talents was an automatic target."[41]

Waugh mentions the Bullingdon by name[42] in Brideshead Revisited. In talking to Charles Ryder, Anthony Blanche relates that the Bullingdon attempted to "put him in Mercury" in Tom Quad one evening, Mercury being a large fountain in the centre of the Quad. Blanche describes the members in their tails as looking "like a lot of most disorderly footmen", and goes on to say: "Do you know, I went round to call on Sebastian next day? I thought the tale of my evening's adventures might amuse him." This could indicate that Sebastian was not a member of the Bullingdon, although in the 1981 TV adaptation, Lord Sebastian Flyte vomits through the window of Charles Ryder's college room while wearing the famous Bullingdon tails.[43] The 2008 film adaptation of Brideshead Revisited likewise clothes Flyte in the Club tails during this scene, as his fellow revellers chant "Buller, Buller, Buller!" behind him.

A fictional Oxford dining society inspired by clubs like the Bullingdon forms the basis of Posh, by Laura Wade, a play staged in April 2010 at the Royal Court Theatre, London. Membership of the club while a student is shown as giving admission to a secret and corrupt network of influence in British politics later in life.[44] The play was later adapted into the 2014 film The Riot Club.

The TV series Trinity, set in a "Trinity College" in a fictional English city, featured an elite "Dandelion Club" whose members wore yellow waistcoats like those of the Bullingdon Club, and behaved in a similar manner.

Members

Past members of the club include:

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Royalty

  • Edward VII[16] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Edward VIII[16] of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas
  • Rama VI, King of Siam[45]
  • Frederick IX of Denmark[16]
  • Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany[46]
  • Prince Paul of Yugoslavia[47]

Nobility

  • Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington[48]
  • Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch[49]
  • John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch[50]
  • Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch[35]
  • George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston[16]
  • Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Douro[35]
  • Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath[29]
  • Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer[51]
  • Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford[52]
  • Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery[53]
  • David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie[35]
  • Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin[72]
  • Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long[2]
  • Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley[54]
  • George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall[55]
  • William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough[16]
  • Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet[56]
  • Peter Palumbo, Baron of Walbrook[35]
  • Gottfried von Bismarck[57]
  • Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur[35]
  • Prince Felix Yussupov[58]
  • Prince Serge Obolensky[59]
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Politicians

  • David Cameron, Prime Minister (2010-2016)[60]
  • Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1890-1896)[15]
  • Michael Ancram, Chairman of the Conservative Party (1998-2001)[61]
  • George Osborne, First Secretary of State (2015-2016) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (2010–2016)[60]
  • Lord Randolph Churchill,[62] Chancellor of the Exchequer (1886).
  • Boris Johnson, Mayor of London (2008-2016),[60] Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2016-2018)
  • John Profumo, CBE, Secretary of State for War (1960–63)
  • Radosław Sikorski, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland (2007-2014)[63]
  • Alan Clark, Minister for Defence Procurement (1989-1992)
  • Thomas Agar-Robartes, MP[64]
  • Nick Hurd, MP[65]
  • Jo Johnson, MP
  • John Rankin Rathbone, MP[29]
  • Thomas Assheton Smith II, MP[3]
  • Ewen Fergusson, British Ambassador to South Africa (1982–84) and France (1987-92)[66]

Business

  • Nathaniel Philip Rothschild, Chairman of JNR Limited[95]
  • Sebastian James, CEO of Dixons Retail, then Dixons Carphone[67]
  • Rupert Soames, CEO of Serco[35]
  • Jason Gissing, cofounder of Ocado.[16]
  • Darius Guppy, Businessman[68]
  • Peter Holmes à Court, Businessman[69]

Other

  • David Bowes-Lyon,[16] president of the Royal Horticultural Society, Uncle of Elizabeth II
  • Raymond Carr, historian.{{citation needed|date=January 2016|reason=Not mentioned in Bath's diaries. See the Talk section of Carr's own page.}}
  • Sir Thomas Hughes-Hallett, Barrister[35]
  • David Dimbleby, Journalist[70]
  • Sir Ludovic Kennedy, Journalist[71]
  • Harry Mount, Daily Mail Journalist[69]
  • David Faber, head master of Summer Fields School[72]
  • Peter Fleming, writer.{{citation needed||date=January 2016}}
  • Sebastian Roberts, Senior Army Representative at the Royal College of Defence Studies
{{col-end}}

See also

  • Piers Gaveston Society

References

1. ^Stuart Petre Brodie Mais, The Story of Oxford, 1951; p. 70
2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/memories00longuoft |title=Memories |accessdate=8 May 2008 |author=Walter Long |year=1923 |authorlink=Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long }}
3. ^1 Aubery Noakes, Sportsmen in a Landscape, 1971; p.61
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofo00coxguoft |title=Recollections of Oxford |accessdate=13 May 2008 |author=G.V. Cox |year=1870}}
5. ^{{cite magazine | author = Mark Davies | magazine =The Wisden Cricketer | issue = May 2010 | title = Drinking and Politics }}
6. ^James Pycroft in London Society, v.30, 1876 (James Hogg, Florence Marrayat ed.); p. 197
7. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/06/01/100626266.pdf |title=Bullingdon Club Too Lively For Prince of Wales | date=1 June 1913 | periodical=The New York Times | format=PDF}}
8. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1542634/Cameron-as-leader-of-the-Slightly-Silly-Party.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Duncan | last=Gardham | title=Cameron as leader of the Slightly Silly Party | date=14 February 2007}}
9. ^{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Paddy |title=Oxford’s Bullingdon Club is facing extinction |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2016/09/12/oxfords-bullingdon-club-facing-extinction-18965 |website=The Tab |accessdate=9 October 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web |last1=Wilgress |first1=Lydia |title=Bullingdon Club at Oxford University faces extinction because 'no one wants to join' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/12/bullingdon-club-at-oxford-university-faces-extinction-because-no/ |website=The Telegraph |accessdate=9 October 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |last1=Harbron |first1=Lucy |title=The Bullingdon Club got kicked out of Christ Church trying to take their annual photo |url=https://thetab.com/uk/oxford/2017/06/29/the-bullingdon-club-got-kicked-out-of-christ-church-trying-to-take-their-annual-photo-28264 |website=The Tab |accessdate=9 October 2018}}
12. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article721259.ece |title=How young Cameron wined and dined with the right sort |accessdate=4 December 2007 |author=Patrick Foster |location=London |newspaper=The Times |date=28 January 2006}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk0/Features/smashing_job_chaps:_exclusive_inside_look_at_bullingdon_club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806051215/http://www.oxfordstudent.com/ht2006wk0/Features/smashing_job_chaps%3A_exclusive_inside_look_at_bullingdon_club |archivedate=6 August 2009 |title=Smashing job chaps: Exclusive inside look at Bullingdon club |author=The Oxford Student |date=12 January 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/05/13/106904777.pdf |title=Condensed Cablegrams |date=13 May 1894 | work=The New York Times | format=PDF}}
15. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfjghCa3CnMC&pg=RA3-PA227&lpg=RA3-PA227&dq=bullingdon+peckwater&source=web&ots=EEg5FQLRbf&sig=eWSJrze7A7Yp_YSWTN37yVq8mnI&hl=en |title=The History of the University of Oxford |author=Trevor Henry Aston |year=1984}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|author=J. G. Sinclair|title=Portrait of Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxwXUk-JNAAC&pg=PA111|date=March 2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4067-4585-6|pages=111–}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/28/100269282.pdf |title=Wales in Trouble Over Club Supper |date=28 May 1913 | periodical=The New York Times | format=PDF}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6409757.stm |title=Cameron student photo is banned|author=BBC news |date=2 March 2007 | accessdate=31 December 2009 | work=BBC News}}
19. ^{{Cite web | title = Drinks club 'ritual' wrecks pub | work = BBC News | date = 3 December 2004 | accessdate = 22 September 2015 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/4066329.stm }}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordstudent.com/ht2005wk0/News/bullingdon_brawl_ringleader_is_princess_diana's_nephew |title=Bullingdon brawl ringleader is Princess Diana's nephew |author=Roger Waite |journal=The Oxford Student |date=13 January 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513043105/http://www.oxfordstudent.com/ht2005wk0/news/bullingdon_brawl_ringleader_is_princess_diana%27s_nephew |archivedate=13 May 2008 |df=dmy }}
21. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/georgeosborne/7849914/George-Osbornes-age-of-austerity-starts-with-a-bang-for-the-Bullingdon-Club.html |title=George Osborne's age of austerity starts with a bang for the Bullingdon Club |author= Tim Walker |periodical=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 June 2010 |location=London}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011015/debtext/11015-31.htm |title=Football (Disorder) (Amendment) Bill |author=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 1}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080218/debtext/80218-0001.htm |title=Pensions |author=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 1}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080225/debtext/80225-0003.htm |title=Topical Questions |author=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 2}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21836935|title=Boris Johnson 'would like to be PM'|publisher=BBC News|date=19 March 2013|accessdate=19 March 2013}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUMmGmrEag0 |title=David Cameron: Toff at the Top| accessdate=1 May 2008 |author=Peter Hitchens |year=2007 }}
27. ^Michael MacDonagh, The English king: a study of the monarchy and the royal family, 1929; p. 94
28. ^1 {{cite news| work=Oxford University Gazette | issue = Supplement (2) to No. 4876 | page = 880 |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2008-9/supps/2_4876.pdf |title=Oration by the demitting Proctors and Assessor |accessdate=5 November 2009 |quote=I received help from Thames Valley Police on two occasions. My first case (in my first week in office) was the Bullingdon Club — I think the Clerk to the Proctors gave it to me as a test. I received a report that some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of ‘We are the Bullingdon’ at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But the transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them to be quiet was written in language that is not usually printed. Their college was identified, but the Bullingdon Club turns out not to be a registered University society. Nor was the abuse uttered on University premises. So after conferring with the Proctors’ Officers, I thought that an ASBO might concentrate the minds of those concerned. I referred the matter to the Police who did mention the word ASBO before awarding the members of the Club an ABC — an Anti Social Behaviour Contract that would magically and automatically turn into an ASBO if provoked within six months. So I am pleased to say that, except perhaps at the highest level of national politics, the Bullingdon Club this year has been quiescent.}} 25 March 2009
29. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.lordbath.co.uk/42_1.htm |title=Career and activities: settling into my undergraduate identity |accessdate=4 December 2007 |author=7th Marquess of Bath |year=1999 |quote=...at the start of the Trinity term I was elected into the Bullingdon... |authorlink=Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20001031024038/http://www.lordbath.co.uk/42_1.htm | archivedate=31 October 2000 }}
30. ^John Betjeman, An Oxford University Chest, 1938; p. 30
31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45835126|title=Oxford Tories ban Bullingdon Club members|date=2018-10-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en-GB}}
32. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45900555|title=Tory Bullingdon Club ban overturned|date=2018-10-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-19|language=en-GB}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2018/11/01/tories-revolt-as-ouca-president-pushes-through-bullingdon-club-ban/|title=Tories revolt as OUCA President pushes through Bullingdon Club ban|last=Gould|first=Tom|date=2018-11-01|website=The Oxford Student|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-27}}
34. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Cameron at the Centre of the Bullingdon Club|url = http://www.byline.com/column/2/article/34|accessdate = 10 May 2015|first = Peter|last = Jukes}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite news | title = General Election 2015: Photographic history of Bullingdon Club tracked down - including new picture of David Cameron in his finery | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-photographic-history-of-bullingdon-club-tracked-down--including-new-picture-of-david-cameron-in-his-finery-10224679.html | accessdate = 10 May 2015 | location=London | work= The Independent | first1=Nick | last1=Mutch | first2=Jack | last2=Myers | first3=Adam | last3=Lusher | first4=Jonathan | last4=Owen | date=5 May 2015 }}
36. ^{{Cite web|title = ConservativeHome's ToryDiary: Embarrassing Cameron photo withdrawn from public use|url = http://conservativehome.blogs.com/torydiary/2007/03/embarassing_cam.html|website = conservativehome.blogs.com|accessdate = 10 May 2015}}
37. ^{{Cite web|title = VERSA {{!}} Revealed: new Bullingdon photos featuring high spirits, high society, and one very high-up politician...|url = http://versanews.co.uk/2015/05/05/new-bullingdon-photographs/|accessdate = 10 May 2015}}
38. ^1 {{Cite news |title = Has a Bullingdon Club picture been doctored? |url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2008/oct/26/george-osborne-nat-rothschild |newspaper = The Guardian | date = 26 October 2008 |accessdate = 10 May 2015 |first = Steve |last = Busfield}}
39. ^{{Cite web|title = Who doctored the toffs? | author=Peter Hitchens |url = http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2008/10/who-doctored-th.html|work = The Mail On Sunday | date = 25 October 2008| accessdate = 10 May 2015}}
40. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/oct/01/george-osborne-bullingdon-club-government |author=Elizabeth Day |date=1 October 2011 |title=George Osborne: from the Bullingdon club to the heart of government |newspaper=The Observer: Observer Magazine |accessdate=1 October 2011 |location=London}}
41. ^Carpenter, Humphrey. The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and his Friends, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989.
42. ^Evelyn Waugh. Brideshead Revisited, "Et in Arcadia ego": Chapter Two; Chapman and Hall, 1945.
43. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX9lAtt3lws YouTube - Brideshead Revisited - Lord Sebastian is sick] at youtube.com
44. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/7597617/Posh-Royal-Court-review.html |title=Posh: Royal Court, review |author=The Daily Telegraph |date=16 April 2010 | location=London}}
45. ^Rong Syamananda, A history of Thailand, 1986; p. 146.
46. ^Charlotte Zeepvat, Prince Leopold: the untold story of Queen Victoria's youngest son, 1998; p. 101.
47. ^Neil Balfour and Sally Mackay, Paul of Yugoslavia: Britain's maligned friend, 1980; p. 28.
48. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11319253/The-Duke-of-Wellington-obituary.html | title= The Duke of Wellington - obituary | work=Daily Telegraph | author= | date=31 December 2014 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | location=London}}
49. ^Serge Obolensky, One man in his time: the memoirs of Serge Obolensky, 1958; p. 86
50. ^Obituary {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000626/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2934310.ece |date=1 October 2007 }}, The Independent, 6 September 2007
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7376621.stm|title=The Boris Johnson Story|publisher=BBC News|date=4 May 2008|accessdate=18 April 2010 | first=Brian | last=Wheeler}}
52. ^The Independent. "The Earl of Longford {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123110441/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article35480.ece |date=23 November 2007 }}", 6 August 2001.
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54. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/11/religion.liberaldemocrats |title=The Rev Lord Beaumont of Whitley|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2008|location=London|first=Andrew|last=Roth}}
55. ^James Miller, Fertile Fortune: The Story of Tyntesfield, 2006; p. 142
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57. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/04/db0402.xml | title= Count Gottfried von Bismarck Obituary | work=Daily Telegraph | author= | date=5 July 2007 | accessdate=5 July 2007 | location=London}}
58. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/01/14/102309358.pdf | date=14 January 1917 |title=Prince Yusupoff Defended in Rasputin Case | work=The New York Times | format=PDF}}
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61. ^{{cite web|url=http://imageshack.us/f/841/bullcr.jpg/ |title=1966 Club Photo |publisher=Imageshack.us |date= |accessdate=13 September 2013}}
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65. ^{{cite web |url=http://dafjones.thirdlight.com/viewpicture.tlx?advpubsearchid=1210890999&pictureid=1143554 |title=Dafydd Jones |publisher=Dafjones.thirdlight.com |date= |accessdate=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308053640/http://dafjones.thirdlight.com/viewpicture.tlx?advpubsearchid=1210890999&pictureid=1143554# |archive-date=8 March 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
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67. ^{{Cite news |title=Dixons Carphone boss could earn up to £4.9m next year |last=Butler |first=Sarah |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 August 2015 |accessdate=22 December 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/05/dixons-carphone-sebastian-james-pay-salary-bonus}}
68. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478131/Oxford-hellraisers-politely-trash-a-pub.html|title=Oxford hellraisers politely trash a pub|author=Richard Alleyne|date=4 December 2004 | location=London}}
69. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4985718.ece|title=Drunken hellraising for the super-rich - how George Osborne met Nathaniel Rothschild|newspaper=The Times|date=21 October 2008|accessdate=18 April 2010 | location=London | first=David | last=Byers}}
70. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2009/oct/18/observer-profile-david-dimbleby|title=David Dimbleby: Ringmaster of our democracy|last=Robinson|first=James|work=The Observer|publisher=18 October 2009|accessdate=5 May 2012|location=London|date=18 October 2009}}
71. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/19/ludovic-kennedy-dies-89 |title=Ludovic Kennedy, veteran presenter and campaigner, dies at 89 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=19 October 2009 | location=London}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://dafjones.thirdlight.com/viewpicture.tlx?pubgsearchid=1210900997&pictureid=1129578 |title=Dafydd Jones |publisher=Dafjones.thirdlight.com |date=27 June 1984 |accessdate=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308053631/http://dafjones.thirdlight.com/viewpicture.tlx?pubgsearchid=1210900997&pictureid=1129578# |archive-date=8 March 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
{{The Isaac Club}}{{Authority control}}

5 : 1780 establishments in England|Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford|Dining clubs|Organizations established in 1780|Sports clubs established in the 1780s
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