| 词条 | Chernobyl New Safe Confinement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Chernobyl New Safe Confinement | native_name = {{lang|uk|Новий чорнобильський саркофаг}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = File:NSC-Oct-2017.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = The New Safe Confinement at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in its final position over the damaged reactor 4 in October 2017 | map_type = Ukraine | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of the NSC, near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine | map_size = | map_dot_label = | map_dot_mark = | relief = | alternate_names = New Shelter | etymology = | status = Testing and commissioning {{asof|2019|2|lc=yes}}[1] | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = Containment structure | architectural_style = | classification = | location = Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant | address = | location_town = Pripyat | location_country = Ukraine | coordinates = {{Coord|51.3893|N|30.0932|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | altitude = | current_tenants = | namesake = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = September 2010 | est_completion = December 2018[2] | completion_date = | topped_out_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | relocated_date = | renovation_date = | closing_date = | demolition_date = | cost = €1.5 billion | ren_cost = | client = Government of Ukraine | owner = | landlord = | affiliation = | height = {{convert|108|m|1}}{{r|ebrd-2018}} | architectural = | tip = | roof = | top_floor = | weight = {{val|31000|u=tonnes}}[3] | other_dimensions = External length {{convert|260|m|1}}, span {{convert|165|m|1}}{{r|brochure}} | structural_system = Arch-shaped lattice, clad with sandwich panels | material = steel, with polycarbonate inner panels | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | grounds_area = | architect = | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = Novarka with 50/50 partners Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics | awards = | designations = | known_for = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_engineer = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_contractor = | ren_awards = | parking = | website = | references = | footnotes = }} The New Safe Confinement (NSC or New Shelter) is a structure built to confine the remains of the number 4 reactor unit at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which was destroyed during the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The structure also encloses the temporary Shelter Object (sarcophagus) that was built around the reactor immediately after the disaster. The NSC is designed to prevent the release of radioactive contaminants from the existing shelter, protect the reactor from external influence, facilitate the disassembly and decommissioning of the reactor, and prevent water intrusion.[4] The NSC is a megaproject that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. It was designed with the primary goal of confining the radioactive remains of reactor 4 for the next 100 years. It also aims to allow for a partial demolition of the original sarcophagus, which was hastily constructed by Chernobyl liquidators after a beyond design-basis accident destroyed the reactor. The word confinement is used rather than the traditional containment to emphasize the difference between the containment of radioactive gases—the primary focus of most reactor containment buildings—and the confinement of solid radioactive waste that is the primary purpose of the New Safe Confinement. In 2015, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) stated that the international community was aiming to close a €100 million funding gap, with administration by the EBRD in its role as manager of the Chernobyl decommissioning funds. The total cost of the Shelter Implementation Plan, of which the New Safe Confinement is the most prominent element, is estimated to be around €2.15 billion (US$2.3 billion). The New Safe Confinement accounts for €1.5 billion.[5] The French consortium Novarka with partners Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics designed and built the NSC.[6] Construction was completed in the end of 2018.[5]{{r|ebrd-2018}} Legacy structure{{Main|Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus}}The original shelter, formally referred to as the Object Shelter and often called the sarcophagus, was constructed between May and November 1986. It was an emergency measure to confine the radioactive materials within reactor 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP). The shelter was constructed under extreme conditions, with very high levels of radiation, and under extreme time constraints. The Object Shelter was moderately successful in confining radioactive contamination and providing for post-accident monitoring of the destroyed nuclear reactor unit; it has been estimated that up to 95% of the original radioactive inventory of reactor 4 remains inside the ruins of the reactor building.[6] The Object Shelter is primarily supported by the damaged remains of the reactor 4 building. These are largely considered to be structurally unsound as a result of explosive forces caused by the accident. Three major structural members support the roof of the Object Shelter. Two beams, usually referred to as B-1 and B-2, run in an east-west direction and support the roof beams and panels. A third, more massive member, the "Mammoth Beam", spans the largest distance across the roof from east to west and assists in supporting the roof beams and panels. The roof of the shelter consists of {{convert|1|m}} diameter steel pipes laid horizontally north to south, and steel panels that rest at an angle, also in the north-south direction. The Object Shelter was never intended to be a permanent containment structure.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Its continued deterioration has increased the risk of its radioactive inventory leaking into the environment. Between 2004 and 2008, workers stabilized the roof and western wall of the shelter. However, construction of the NSC was necessary to continue confining the radioactive remains of ChNPP reactor 4. Further upgrades to the area in preparation for NSC construction were completed in 2010. These included road and rail connections, site services (power, water, drains, and communications), facilities for workers (including medical and radiation protection facilities), and the installation of a long-term monitoring system.[7] NSC structural designThe NSC design is an arch-shaped steel structure with an internal height of {{convert|92.5|m|1}} and a {{convert|12|m|1|adj=on}} distance between the centers of the upper and lower arch chords. The internal length of the arch is {{convert|245|m|1}}, and the external length is {{convert|270|m|2}}. The dimensions of the arch were determined based on the need to operate equipment inside the new shelter and decommission the existing shelter. The overall span of the structure is {{convert|150|m|1}}, consisting of 13 arches assembled {{convert|12.5|m}} apart to form 12 bays. Vertical walls assembled around, but not supported by the existing structures of the reactor building seal the ends of the structure. The arches are constructed of tubular steel members and are externally clad with three-layer sandwich panels. These external panels are also used on the end walls of the structure. Internally, polycarbonate panels cover each arch to prevent the accumulation of radioactive particles on the frame members. Large parts of the arches were shop-fabricated and transported to the assembly site {{convert|180|m}} west of reactor 4. Each of the steel tubes is made of high-strength steel to reduce cost and assembly weight. The steel used in the construction of the tubular members has a yield strength of no less than {{convert|2500|kg/cm2|MPa psi|abbr=on|lk=on}}. Warm, dry air will be circulated in the gap between inner and outer roof sections to prevent condensation, which will reduce corrosion and prevent water from dripping into the interior.[10] Design goalsThe New Safe Confinement (NSC) was designed with the following criteria:
Foundation designThe foundations of the NSC were designed to meet the primary requirements:
The site of the NSC is slightly sloped, ranging in elevation from {{convert|117.5|m}} on the eastern side to {{convert|144|m}} on the western side. The foundation was required to account for this difference without extensive site leveling. The ground upon which the foundation was built is unique in that it contains a technogenic layer just below the surface that is approximately {{convert|2.5|to|3|m|ft|0}} in overall depth. Radioactive contamination from the accident created the technogenic layer. It consists of various materials including nuclear material, stone, sand, loamy sands, unreinforced concrete, and construction wastes. It is considered unfeasible to determine the geotechnical characteristics of this soil layer. As a result of this, no assumptions about the load-bearing properties of the technogenic layer were made during the design of the foundation. The water table at ChNPP fluctuates from {{convert|109.9|m|1}} on average in December to {{convert|110.7|m|1}} on average in May. Several options were considered for the foundation design for the NSC. Ultimately, the final design was specified as consisting of three lines of two {{convert|4.50|by|1.00|m|adj=on}} foundation panels, each {{convert|21|m|1}} in length, and a {{convert|4|m|1|adj=on}} high pile cap that reaches to a height of {{convert|118|m}} of elevation. This option was selected to minimize the cost of the foundation, the number of cuts into radioactive soil layers, dose uptake of workers, and risk to the environment from further contamination. The foundation has a slight elevation difference between the area in which the NSC was constructed and the final resting area around reactor 4. Special consideration was necessary for the excavation required for foundation construction due to the high level of radioactivity found in the upper layers of soil. The conceptual designers of the NSC recommended the use of rope operated grabs for the first {{convert|0.3|m|1}} of pile excavation for the Chernobyl site. This reduced the direct exposure of workers to the most contaminated sections of the soil. Deeper excavation for the foundation piles were accomplished using hydraulic clam shells operated under bentonite slurry protection. The foundation is designed to withstand horizontal acceleration structural loads of up to {{val|0.08|u=g}}, as well as to withstand an F3 tornado. The original design for the structure required it to withstand an F1 tornado until an independent beyond-design-basis analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of an F3 tornado on the structure. Assembly processThe system used in the assembly of the NSC derived from civilian bridge launching and bridge cantilever methods. The NSC was assembled in the following steps:
This process of assembly was deemed advantageous because it took advantage of the designed mobility of the structure to maximize the distance between workers and the reactor building, thereby minimizing their exposure to radiation. As each bay was completed, infrastructure equipment—including that for ventilation systems, radiation monitoring, plumbing, and electrical was installed. PositioningThe NSC was constructed {{convert|180|m}} west of reactor 4, and slid into place. Sliding of the structure along foundation rails was a difficult process. It was pushed on teflon pads by hydraulic pistons, and guided by lasers.{{r|vinci}} {{asof|2018}}, the NSC is the world's largest movable land-based structure.{{r|nucNet}}[12][8] Two options were initially considered for moving the structure: hydraulic jacks to push the structure forward, or pulling the structure with large, multi-stranded steel cables. The first option would require the relocation of the hydraulic jacks after each push. This process would necessitate more worker interaction with the system and a greater worker exposure to radiation. The second option was initially chosen because it would expose workers to a lower radiation dose, and would have moved the structure into its final position in less than 24 hours. However, the structure was moved using hydraulic jacks, beginning the {{convert|327|m|adj=on}} move on November 14, 2016, and finishing on November 29.{{r|ebrd.com|BBC move}} Demolition of existing structuresThe operational phase of the NSC will involve the demolition of the unstable structures associated with the original Object Shelter. The goal of demolition has imposed significant requirements upon the load carrying capacity of the arches and foundation of the NSC, as these structures must carry the weight of not only the disassembled structure, but also the suspended cranes to be used in demolition. Demolition equipmentThe NSC design includes two bridge cranes suspended from the arches. These cranes travel east to west on common runways and each has a span of {{convert|84|m}}. Each crane can carry a variety of interchangeable carriages. Three types of carriages have been designed for the NSC:
The cranes' carriage interchangeability allows the rotation of the largest members to be demolished, reducing the overall size of the NSC by approximately one arch bay. After the members to be demolished are removed by crane they must be fragmented into pieces small enough to decontaminate. It is expected that the primary contamination of most demolished elements will be loose surface dust and can easily be removed. Decontamination will take place using vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, grit blasting (for steel elements), and scarifying (for concrete elements). Once decontaminated to the maximum extent practical, pieces will be further fragmented for eventual disposal. Fragmentation tools include plasma arc cutting torches, diamond circular cutting wheels, and diamond wire cutting. The tools selected for the demolition process were selected based on a number of factors including minimization of individual and collective radiation exposure, the amount of secondary waste generated, the feasibility of remote operation, the cutting efficiency, fire safety, capital cost and operating costs. The exact methods for disposing of wastes generated by the demolition process have not been determined, and may include on-site burial outside the NSC for low-level waste, and long-term storage inside the NSC for medium and high-level wastes. {{asof|2018}} no policy has been decided for the disposal and processing of fuel containing materials. Elements to be demolishedThe following elements of the Object Shelter are planned for demolition:
Types of materials to be demolishedThe elements that are to be demolished fall into several broad material types:
Waste storageNear to the Chernobyl site, the Vector Radioactive Waste Storage Facility[9] is being built, consisting of the Industrial Complex for Solid Radwaste Management (ICSRM),[10] a nuclear waste storage site. It is being constructed by Nukem Technologies, a German nuclear decommissioning company, a subsidiary of the Russian Atomstroyexport. This storage is reported to be able to contain {{convert|75000|m3|cuyd|abbr=off}}.[11][12] The storage is for both temporary high level waste as well as low and intermediate long-term level waste storage.[13][14] Worker safety and radioactive exposureRadioactive dust in the shelter is monitored by hundreds of sensors.[10] Workers in the 'local zone' carry two dosimeters, one showing real-time exposure and the second recording information for the worker's dose log.[21]Workers have a daily and annual radiation exposure limit. Their dosimeter beeps if the limit is reached and the worker's site access is canceled.[21] The annual limit (20 millisieverts) may be reached by spending 12 minutes above the roof of the 1986 sarcophagus, or a few hours around its chimney.[23] Project timeline and status
The New Safe Confinement (NSC) was originally intended to be completed in 2005, but the project has suffered lengthy delays. Major project milestones include:
International competitionIn 1992, Ukraine's government held an international competition for proposals to replace the sarcophagus.[22] In the autumn of 1992, Design Group Partnership (DGP) of Manchester was invited to assist the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) for the UK's submission for the international competition organized by the Ukrainian government. DGP's senior management was assembled to generate a solution. David Haslewood suggested an arch, built off-site, and then slid over the existing Soviet-built sarcophagus because:
Of the 394 entries, only the British submission proposed a sliding arch approach.[23] There was no top design choice, but the French submission came as second best with the UK and German proposals coming joint third. Subsequently, a pan-European study (the TACIS programme) re-examined the proposals of the competition's top three finalists. The study selected the sliding arch proposal as the best solution for their further investigations and recommendations, primarily to reduce the chance of the construction workers receiving a harmful dose of radiation. On 17 September 2007 Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics announced that they won the contract to build the New Safe Confinement as 50/50 partners of a French consortium named Novarka. The original 432 million euros contract comprises the design and construction of the NSC and planned to employ 900 people at its peak.[6] The project has involved workers and specialists from at least 24 countries in addition to Ukraine.[23] Responsible organizationsThe European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is responsible for managing the Shelter Implementation Plan, including overseeing the construction of the New Safe Confinement.[24] See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web |title=Chernobyl confinement structure systems begin operation - World Nuclear News |url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chernobyl-confinement-structure-systems-begin-oper |website=world-nuclear-news.org |publisher=World Nuclear Association |accessdate=9 February 2019 |date=8 February 2019}} {{dead link|date=March 2018}}[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]2. ^{{cite web |title=Chernobyl Shelter To Begin Full Operation In December, Says Ukraine President |url=https://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2018/04/27/chernobyl-shelter-to-begin-full-operation-in-december-says-ukraine-president |website=www.nucnet.org |publisher=The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency |accessdate=12 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Transforming Chernobyl brochure |url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/publications/special-reports/transforming-chernobyl-brochure.html |publisher=EBRD |accessdate=13 September 2018 |language=en |date=11 March 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors/nuclear-safety/chernobyl-new-safe-confinement.html |title=Chernobyl's New Safe Confinement |date= |website=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |access-date=31 May 2018}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/news/2016/unique-engineering-feat-concluded-as-chernobyl-arch-has-reached-resting-place.html |title=Unique engineering feat concluded as Chernobyl arch has reached resting place |website=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2018}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/19/ukraine-funding-chernobyl-arch|title=Ukraine raises $785m to seal Chernobyl under new 'shell'|last=Vidal|first=John|date=19 April 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/factsheets/chernobyl25.pdf |title=Chernobyl 25 years on: New Safe Confinement and Spent Fuel Storage Facility |date=January 2011 |website=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |access-date=2 March 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170101-a-new-tomb-for-the-most-dangerous-disaster-site-in-the-world |title=A vast new tomb for the most dangerous waste in the world |last=Borys |first=Christian |date=3 January 2017 |website=BBC Future Now |access-date=2 March 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.delukr.ec.europa.eu/press_releases.html?id=47113 |title=News |website=Delegation of the European Union to Ukraine |accessdate=July 31, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161210/http://www.delukr.ec.europa.eu/press_releases.html?id=47113 |archivedate=July 20, 2011}}{{better source|date=January 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nukemgroup.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Chernobyl_Ukraine_Mai2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143731/http://www.nukemgroup.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Chernobyl_Ukraine_Mai2008.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-12-03 |title=Industrial Complex For Solid Radwaste Management (ICSRM) at Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplant |date=May 2008 |website=Nukem Technologies |access-date=31 July 2008}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Chernobyl-Receives-Nuclear-Waste-Processing-Complex-84344.shtml |title=Chernobyl Receives Nuclear Waste Processing Complex |first=Gabriel |last=Gache |website=Softpedia.com |date=25 April 2008}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1208978222.51/ |title=Nuclear waste storage inaugurated in Chernobyl |website=EU Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724123431/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1208978222.51/ |archive-date=July 24, 2008}} 13. ^{{cite conference |url=https://www.eurosafe-forum.org/sites/default/files/Eurosafe2013/Seminar%202/2.07_Safety_Issues_Construction_Facilities_Vector_Site_SSTC_SNRIU_Paper.pdf |last1=Tokarevskyi |first1=O. |last2=Alekseeva |first2=Z. |last3=Kondratiev |first3=S. |last4=Rybalka |first4=N. |date=November 2013 |title=Safety issues in construction of facilities for long-term storage of radioactive waste at Vector site |conference=Eurosafe Forum 2013 |conference-url=https://www.eurosafe-forum.org/eurosafe2013#Seminar_2 |location=Cologne, Germany |id= inis..[https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:45021661 RN:45021661] |access-date=12 January 2018}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=William E. |last2=Ojovan |first2=Michael I. |last3=Jantzen |first3=Carol M. |title=Radioactive Waste Management and Contaminated Site Clean-Up: Processes, Technologies and International Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HRHAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA404&pg=PA406#v=onepage&q=Vector+Radioactive+Waste+Storage+iaea&f=false |date=31 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-85709-744-6 |pages=404–406}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/1-7b-giant-arch-block-chernobyl-radiation-next-100-years-n544721 |title=$1.7B Giant Arch to Block Chernobyl Radiation For Next 100 Years |agency=Reuters |website=NBC News |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37978482 |title=Chernobyl disaster: Giant shield begins move towards reactor |date=14 November 2016 |website=BBC News |access-date=30 November 2016}} 17. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.ebrd.com/news/2016/unique-engineering-feat-concluded-as-chernobyl-arch-has-reached-resting-place.html |title=Unique engineering feat concluded as Chernobyl arch has reached resting place |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |publisher=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.vinci.com/vinci/actualites.nsf/8B8A50CC6F1891E8C1258079005011BA/$File/VINCI_RV_Dossier_de_presse_Tchernobyl_GB.pdf |title=Chernobyl New Safe Confinement: a one-of-a-kind project |date=29 November 2016 |page=21 |website=Vinci SA |access-date=2 March 2018}} 19. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/rodina-begins-construction-on-first-pv-project-inside-chernobyl-exclusion-z |title=Rodina begins construction on first PV project inside Chernobyl exclusion zone |website=PV Tech |access-date=17 November 2017 |language=en}} 20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/07/c_136806475.htm |title=Ukraine postpones Chernobyl reactor safety cover |website=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=20 November 2017}} 21. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/tschernobyl-fertigstellung-des-sarkophags-verzoegert-sich-a-1184230.html |title=Strahlung zu hoch: Fertigstellung des Tschernobyl-Sarkophags verzögert sich |last=Seidler |first=Christoph |date=20 December 2017 |language=de |magazine=Spiegel Online|access-date=20 December 2017}} 22. ^International Competition, 1992 - Ukraine Government 23. ^{{cite journal |title=A second shelter for Chernobyl: Its necessity and feasibility |last1=Smith |first1=Stuart |last2=Lacombe |first2=Herve |date=February 1997 |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=2–14 |doi=10.1680/icien.1997.29157 }} 24. ^{{cite book |last1=Onishi |first1=Yasuo |last2=Voitsekhovich |first2=Oleg V. |last3=Zheleznyak |first3=Mark J. |title=Chernobyl - What Have We Learned?: The Successes and Failures to Mitigate Water Contamination Over 20 Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKTjYeWO5E0C&pg=PA248 |date=3 June 2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5349-8 |page=248}} 25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6999140.stm |title=Chernobyl to be covered in steel |website=BBC News |date=18 September 2007 |accessdate=20 May 2010}} 26. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.bouygues.com/document/?f=press-room/en/bouyguesconstruction_chernobylsarcophagus_17092007_us.pdf |title=Vinci and Bouygues sign contract to build Containment Shelter for the Chernobyl Sarcophagus |accessdate=19 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002175055/http://www.bouygues.com/document/?f=press-room%2Fen%2Fbouyguesconstruction_chernobylsarcophagus_17092007_us.pdf |archivedate=2 October 2011}} 27. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Workers-raise-first-section-of-new-Chernobyl-shelter/tabid/1160/articleID/278425/Default.aspx |title=Workers raise first section of new Chernobyl shelter |date=28 November 2012 |work=3 News |agency=Associated Press}} 28. ^{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/first-section-new-shelter-chernobyl-ready |title=Workers raise 1st section of new Chernobyl shelter |first=Jim |last=Heintz |agency=Associated Press |date=17 November 2012 |quote=Workers have raised the first section of a colossal arch-shaped structure that eventually will cover the exploded nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power station. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120100343/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/first-section-new-shelter-chernobyl-ready |archivedate=20 January 2013}} 29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.chernobylee.com/blog/2010/02/chernobyl-new-safe-confinement.php |title=Chernobyl New Safe Confinement - New Completion Date Announced |work=Chernobyl and Eastern Europe |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=16 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708142609/http://www.chernobylee.com/blog/2010/02/chernobyl-new-safe-confinement.php |archivedate=8 July 2011}} 30. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2011/110408e.shtml |title=NOVARKA and Chernobyl Project Management Unit confirm cost and time schedule for Chernobyl New Safe Confinement |website=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |first=Axel |last=Reiserer |date=8 April 2011 |accessdate=16 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918032131/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2011/110408e.shtml |archivedate=18 September 2011}} 31. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nuclearpowerdaily.com/reports/Work_begins_on_new_sarcophagus_for_Chernobyl_reactor_999.html |title=Work begins on new sarcophagus for Chernobyl reactor |website=Nuclear Power Daily |date=24 September 2010 |accessdate=16 March 2011}} 32. ^1 2 3 {{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/12/features/containing-chernobyl?page=all |title=Containing Chernobyl: the mission to defuse the world's worst nuclear disaster site |first=Andrew |last=Hankinson |magazine=Wired |date=3 January 2013}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite magazine |url=http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/the-big-story/building-chernobyls-new-safe-confinement/1015479.article |title=Building Chernobyl's New Safe Confinement |first=John |last=Excell |magazine=The Engineer |date=11 February 2013}} 34. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25086097 |title=Chernobyl's arch: Sealing off a radioactive sarcophagus |first=Nick |last=Meo |website=BBC News |date=26 November 2013}} }} Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant New Safe Confinement}}
4 : Chernobyl Exclusion Zone|Pripyat|Buildings and structures in Kiev Oblast|Buildings and structures under construction in Ukraine |
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