| 词条 | Chiapa de Corzo (Mesoamerican site) |
| 释义 |
Chiapa de Corzo (Spanish {{Audio-IPA|Chiapa de Corzo.ogg|}}) is an archaeological site of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica located near the small town Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. It rose to prominence around 700-500 BC, during the Middle Formative period, becoming a regional center. By then, its public precinct had reached 18-20 ha in size, with total settlement approaching 70 ha. Because of its position near Grijalva River in the Central Depression of Chiapas, it controlled the local trade routes.[1] The modern township of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, founded in Colonial times and after which the site was named, is nearby. Site historyThe site shows evidence of continual occupation since the Early Formative period (ca. 1200 BCE). The mounds and plazas at the site, however, date to approximately 700 BCE with temples and palaces constructed at the end of the Late Formative or Protoclassic period, between 100 BCE and 200 CE.[2][3] In 2008, archaeologists discovered a massive Middle Formative Olmec axe deposit at the base of Chiapa de Corzo's Mound 11 pyramid. This deposit dates to around 700 BCE and is the second one of its kind found in Chiapas after nearby San Isidro.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} It is associated with one of the earliest E-Group astronomical complexes in Mesoamerica. In April 2010, archaeologists discovered the 2,700-year-old tomb of a dignitary within Mound 11 that is the oldest pyramidal tomb yet discovered in Mesoamerica.[4][5][6][7] According to archaeologist Bruce Bachand, the tomb exhibits Olmec rather than Maya affinities. This tomb predates by 600 years any other such tomb found in Mesoamerica, such as those at Tikal, and at Kaminaljuyu.[8] Cultural affiliationThe site is believed to have been settled by Mixe–Zoquean speakers, bearers of the Olmec culture that populated the Gulf and Pacific Coasts of southern Mexico. Chiapa de Corzo and a half dozen other western Depression centers appear to have coalesced into a distinct Zoque civilization by 700 BCE, an archaeological culture that became the conduit between late Gulf Olmec society and the early Maya.[9][10][11] Certain Mesoamerican traits such as planned cities, earthen pyramids, E-Group commemorative complexes, cloudy-resist waxy pottery, incensarios, and early logographic writing may have originated in the Zoque region. Regional centreStarting around 100 BCE, during its Guanacaste phase, Chiapa de Corzo played the role of the regional capital. The city was linked with other areas across the Maya Lowlands, Maya Highlands, Pacific Coast, and Oaxaca. This is the time when the first hieroglyphic writing appeared on flat stamps, pottery vessels, stelae, and building panels.[12] Maya pottery types began to be included in elite burials, although utilitarian ceramics retained traditional patterns.[13] This has suggested to some researchers, that the Maya culture to the east exerted influence or even control over Chiapa de Corzo, although there seems to be a waning of that Maya influence in the first centuries CE.[14] It was during this time that the ancient platform mounds were covered with limestone and stucco. DeclineBig changes occurred in the area during the Istmo phase (AD 300-400). There was an economic decline, as craft activity diminished and long-distance ties contracted.[15] Chiapa de Corzo and a number of western Depression sites were abandoned by the Late Classic period, a population change that closely coincides with the invasion of a war like group of Manguean-speaking people known as the Chiapanec.[16][17][18] The Chiapanec chose to occupy the adjacent floodplain of the Grijalva River where the modern town is now located, and they left the Zoque ruin on the nearby plateau untouched. The abandoned city now became a place of pilgrimage.[19] Modern developmentsThe site has been heavily encroached upon over the last 70 years with the construction of roads, homes, businesses, utility systems, and a cemetery. The Nestlé company constructed a large milk processing plant in the center of the ruin in the late 1960s, removing Mound 17, one of the major ceremonial mounds at the site. In recent years, the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) has purchased sections of the site from local land owners. INAH officially opened a small portion of the ruin to tourists on December 8, 2009. The site is currently under investigation by a collaborative team of researchers from Brigham Young University, INAH-Chiapas, and Mexico's UNAM (see http://chiapadecorzo.byu.edu/). Notable findsThe oldest Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date yet discovered, December 36 BCE, was found on Stela 2 (which is not a stela at all, but rather a misnamed, inscribed wall panel). All that survives of the original text is the day-name and the digits 7.16.3.2.13. Chiapa de Corzo is also notable for a pottery sherd containing what is likely Epi-Olmec script. Dated to as early as 300 BCE, this sherd would be the oldest instance of that writing system yet discovered.[20] The site possesses possibly the earliest example of a Mesoamerican palace complex in Mound 5.[21] This palace was constructed in the first century CE and ritually destroyed a couple centuries later. More than 250 Formative period burials have been scientifically excavated at Chiapa de Corzo. Many derive from a unique Late Formative burial ground below the Mound 1 plaza. Chiapa de Corzo has the largest and perhaps the best chronologically subdivided Formative period burial sample in southern Mesoamerica. Chiapa de Corzo has more clay cylinder seals and flat stamps than any other Formative Mesoamerican site, save Tlatilco.[22] Hieroglyphs appear on examples made around 100 BCE. Notes1. ^Pool, p. 272. 2. ^Lowe, p. 122-123. 3. ^Lowe 1962 4. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18tomb.html In an Ancient Mexican Tomb, High Society] New York Times, 17 May 2010 5. ^One of Mesoamerica's Oldest Tombs Found Los Angeles Times, 25 May 2010 6. ^BYU-led Team Finds Treasure-filled Tomb in Chiapas Salt Lake Tribune, 21 May 2010 7. ^Pyramid Tomb Found: Sign of a Civilization's Birth? National Geographic Society, 18 May 2010 8. ^Discovery of one of Mesoamerica’s oldest known ancient pyramidal tombs Popular Archaeology 9. ^Clark 2000 10. ^Lowe 1977 11. ^Lowe 1999 12. ^The Chiapa de Corzo Project chiapadecorzo.byu.edu 13. ^Pool, p. 272. 14. ^See discussion in Pool, p. 272. 15. ^The Chiapa de Corzo Project chiapadecorzo.byu.edu 16. ^Lowe 2000, p. 122. 17. ^Navarrete 1966. 18. ^Warren, pp. 139-144. 19. ^The Chiapa de Corzo Project chiapadecorzo.byu.edu 20. ^Justeson, p. 2. 21. ^see Lowe 1962 22. ^see Lee 1969 References{{refbegin|indent=yes}}{{cite book|author=Clark, John E. |year=2000 |chapter=Los pueblos de Chiapas en el Formativo |title=Las culturas de Chiapas en el periodo prehispánico |pages=37–85 |editor=Dúrdica Ségota (ed.) |publisher=CONACULTA |location=Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico. |oclc=52631535|isbn=978-970-697-000-8|language=es}} {{cite web|author=Justeson, John S. |author2=Terrence Kaufman |year=2001 |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/EOTEXTS.pdf |format=PDF |title=Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts |accessdate=2010-01-02}} {{cite book|author=Lee, Thomas A. |year=1969 |title=The Artifacts of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico |series=Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 26 |publisher=Brigham Young University |location=Provo, Utah, USA |oclc=462311120}} {{cite book|author=Lowe, Gareth W. |year=1962 |title=Mound 5 and Minor Excavations, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico |series=Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 12 |publisher=Brigham Young University |location=Provo, Utah, USA |oclc=962203}} {{cite book|author=Lowe, Gareth W. |year=1977 |chapter=The Mixe–Zoque as Competing Neighbors of the Early Maya |title=The Origins of Maya Civilization |pages=197–248 |editor=Richard E. W. Adams (ed.) |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA |oclc=2984416 |isbn=0-8263-0441-9}} {{cite book|author=Lowe, Gareth W. |year=1999 |title=Los Zoques Antiguos de San Isidro |publisher=Consejo Estatal para las Culturas y Artes de Chiapas |location=Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico |oclc=47126036 |isbn=968-5025-66-5|language=es}} {{cite book|author=Lowe, Gareth W. |year=2000 |chapter=Chiapa de Corzo |title=Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: an encyclopedia |editor=Susan T. Evans and David Webster (eds.) |publisher=Garland |location=London, UK |oclc=45313588 |isbn=978-0-8153-0887-4}} {{cite book|author=Navarrete, Carlos |year=1966 |title=The Chiapanec History and Culture |series=Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 16 |publisher=Brigham Young University |location=Provo, Utah, USA |oclc=432388}} {{cite book|author=Pool, Christopher |year=2007 |title=Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, USA |isbn=978-0-521-78882-3| oclc=68965709}} {{cite thesis|author=Warren, Bruce W. |year=1977 |title=The Sociocultural Development of the Central Depression of Chiapas, Mexico: Preliminary Considerations |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA|oclc=4214390}}{{refend}} External sites{{commonscat|Chiapa de Corzo (archeological site)}}
3 : Mesoamerican sites|Former populated places in Mexico|Archaeological sites in Chiapas |
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