“Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is a federal law enforcement organization within the United States Department of Justice.^[3] Its responsibilities include the investigation and prevention of federal offenses involving the unlawful use, manufacture, and possession of firearms and explosives; acts of arson and bombings; and illegal trafficking and tax evasion of alcohol and tobacco products. The ATF also regulates via licensing the sale, possession, and transportation of firearms, ammunition, and explosives in interstate commerce. Many of the ATF's activities are carried out in conjunction with task forces made up of state and local law enforcement officers, such as Project Safe Neighborhoods. The ATF operates a unique fire research laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, where full-scale mock-ups of criminal arson can be reconstructed. The agency is led by Thomas E. Brandon, Acting Director,^[4] and Ronald B. Turk, Acting Deputy Director.^[5] The ATF has 4,770 employees,^[6] and an annual budget of $1.15 billion (2012).^[7]

History

The ATF was formerly part of the United States Department of the Treasury, having been formed in 1886 as the "Revenue Laboratory" within the Treasury Department's Bureau of Internal Revenue. The history of ATF can be subsequently traced to the time of the revenuers or "revenoors"^[8] and the Bureau of Prohibition, which was formed as a unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue in 1920. It was made an independent agency within the Treasury Department in 1927, was transferred to the Justice Department in 1930, and became, briefly, a division of the FBI in 1933.

When the Volstead Act, which established Prohibition in the United States, was repealed in December 1933, the Unit was transferred from the Department of Justice back to the Department of the Treasury, where it became the Alcohol Tax Unit (ATU) of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Special Agent Eliot Ness and several members of The "Untouchables", who had worked for the Prohibition Bureau while the Volstead Act was still in force, were transferred to the ATU. In 1942, responsibility for enforcing federal firearms laws was given to the ATU.

In the early 1950s, the Bureau of Internal Revenue was renamed "Internal Revenue Service" (IRS),^[9] and the ATU was given the additional responsibility of enforcing federal tobacco tax laws. At this time, the name of the ATU was changed to the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division (ATTD).

In 1968, with the passage of the Gun Control Act, the agency changed its name again, this time to the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the IRS and first began to be referred to by the initials "ATF". In Title XI of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Congress enacted the Explosives Control Act, 18 U.S.C.A. Chapter 40, which provided for close regulation of the explosives industry and designated certain arsons and bombings as federal crimes. The Secretary of the Treasury was made responsible for administering the regulatory aspects of the new law, and was given jurisdiction over criminal violations relating to the regulatory controls. These responsibilities were delegated to the ATF division of the IRS. The Secretary and the Attorney General were given concurrent jurisdiction over arson and bombing offenses. Pub.L. 91-452, 84 Stat. 922, October 15, 1970.

In 1972 ATF was officially established as an independent bureau within the Treasury Department on July 1, 1972, this transferred the responsibilities of the ATF division of the IRS to the new Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Rex D. Davis oversaw the transition, becoming the bureau's first director, having headed the division since 1970. During his tenure, Davis shepherded the organization into a new era where federal firearms and explosives laws addressing violent crime became the primary mission of the agency.^[10] However, taxation and other alcohol issues remained priorities as ATF collected billions of dollars in alcohol and tobacco taxes, and undertook major revisions of the federal wine labeling regulations relating to use of appellations of origin and varietal designations on wine labels.

In the wake of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law the Homeland Security Act of 2002. In addition to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the law shifted ATF from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Justice. The agency's name was changed to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. However, the agency still was referred to as the "ATF" for all purposes. Additionally, the task of collection of federal tax revenue derived from the production of tobacco and alcohol products and the regulatory function related to protecting the public in issues related to the production of alcohol, previously handled by the Bureau of Internal Revenue as well as by ATF, was transferred to the newly established Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), which remained within the Treasury Department. These changes took effect January 24, 2003.

Activities

1972–2000

Complaints regarding the techniques used by ATF in their effort to generate firearm cases led to hearings before Congressional committees in the late 1970s and 1980s. At these hearings, evidence was received from citizens who had been charged by ATF, from experts who had studied ATF, and from officials of the bureau itself. A Senate subcommittee report stated, "Based upon these hearings it is apparent that ATF enforcement tactics made possible by current federal firearms laws are constitutionally, legally, and practically reprehensible."^[11]{{rp|20}}

The Subcommittee received evidence that ATF primarily devoted its firearms enforcement efforts to the apprehension, upon technical malum prohibitum charges, of individuals who lack all criminal intent and knowledge. Evidence received demonstrated that ATF agents tended to concentrate upon collector's items rather than "criminal street guns".^[11]

In hearings before ATF's Appropriations Subcommittee, however, testimony was submitted estimating that 75 percent of ATF gun prosecutions were aimed at ordinary citizens with no criminal intent.^[11]

The Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 addressed some of the abuses noted in the 1982 Senate Judiciary Subcommittee report.

Two incidents in the early 1990s—Ruby Ridge and the Waco Siege—involved the ATF and later the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Hostage Rescue Team (HRT). Both brought criticism to the ATF and FBI.

The Ruby Ridge Siege began in June 1990. Randy Weaver was pressured by Kenneth Fadeley, an ATF informant, to shorten the barrels on two shotguns and sell these to Fadeley. Weaver maintained the barrels were a legal length, but after Fadeley took possession, the shotguns were later found to be shorter than allowed by federal law, requiring registration as a short-barreled shotgun and payment of a $200 tax. ATF filed firearms charges against Weaver, but offered to drop the charges if he would become an informant. After Weaver refused to cooperate, ATF passed on false information about Weaver to other agencies that became part of a misleading file that profiled Weaver as having explosive booby traps, tunnels and bunkers at his home; growing marijuana; having felony convictions; and being a bank robber.^[12] (At his later trial, the gun charges were determined to be entrapment and Weaver was acquitted.) However, Weaver missed a February 20, 1991, court date because U.S. Probation Officer Richins mistakenly told Weaver that the trial date was March 20, and the US Marshals Service (USMS) was charged with bringing Weaver in. Weaver remained with his family in their mountain top cabin. On August 21, 1992, a USMS surveillance team was fired up, resulting in a shootout that killed US Marshal Bill Degan, Samuel Weaver and Weaver's pet dog. FBI HRT surrounded the cabin. The next day, Lon Horiuchi (an FBI HRT sniper) fired at Weaver, missing and killing Weaver's wife. A subsequent Department of Justice review and a Congressional hearing raised several questions about the actions of ATF, USMS, USAO and FBI HRT and the mishandling of intelligence at the USMS and FBI headquarters.^[13] The Ruby Ridge incident has become a lightning rod for legal activists within the gun rights community.

The second incident was the Waco Siege of the Branch Davidian religious sect near Waco, Texas, on February 28, 1993. ATF agents, accompanied by the press, conducted a raid to execute a federal search warrant on the sect's compound, known as Mt. Carmel. The Branch Davidians were alerted to the upcoming warrant execution but ATF raid leaders pressed on, despite knowing the advantage of surprise was lost. (ATF Director Steve Higgins had promised Treasury Under Secretary for Enforcement Ron Noble that the Waco raid would be canceled if the ATF undercover agent Robert Rodriguez reported that the element of surprise had been lost.) The resulting exchange of gunfire killed six Davidians and four ATF agents. FBI HRT later took over the scene and a 51-day stand-off ensued, ending on April 19, 1993, after the complex caught fire. The follow-up investigation revealed the bodies of seventy-six people including twenty children inside the compound. A grand jury found that the deaths were suicides or otherwise caused by people inside the building. Shortly after the raid, the bureau's director, Stephen E. Higgins, retired early from his position.

In December 1994, two ATF supervisory agents, Phillip J. Chojnacki and Charles D. Sarabyn, who were suspended for their roles in leading the Waco raid were reinstated, with full back pay and benefits (with a demotion) despite a Treasury Department report of gross negligence. The incident was removed from their personnel files.^[14]

2000–present

The ATF was criticized for poor planning leading to the James Beck Shootout in 2001, which resulted in the immediate deaths of a deputy sheriff as well as the suspect, and the later suicide of ATF agent Jeff Ryan.^[16]^[17]

Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, the ATF expanded regulations covering fuels used in amateur rocketry, including ammonium perchlorate composite propellant (APCP). Two rocketry clubs, the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), and the Tripoli Rocketry Association (TRA), argued that APCP is not explosive and that the ATF's regulations were unreasonable. The NAR and TRA won their lawsuit against the ATF in 2009, lifting the government restrictions. The associations maintain their own restrictions, and rocketry is also regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).^[18]^[19]^[20]

Between May 2004 and August 2005, ATF agents, in conjunction with Virginia state, county, and city police, conducted an operation at eight gun shows in the Richmond area to reduce straw purchases for criminals.^[21]{{rp|10}} In a February 2006 House subcommittee hearing, the show's owner said: "People were approached and discouraged from purchasing guns. Before attempting to purchase, they were interrogated and accused of being in the business without a license, detained in police vehicles, and gun buyer's homes were visited by police, and much more."^[21]{{rp|19}} A gun salesman testified that he was singled out for harassment by two ATF agents.^[21]{{rp|28}} The owner of a gun shop testified that he thought agents questioned female customers too often. He said that times had changed and more women were shopping for guns, adding: "It seems, however, to be the prevailing opinion for law enforcement at the gun show that any woman who brings a male friend for advice or support must be making a straw purchase."^[21]{{rp|38}} A private investigator said the NRA contracted her to go to Richmond to investigate dozens of complaints by NRA members of "massive law enforcement presence, residence checks, and minority buyers being followed, pulled over and their legally purchased guns seized."^[21]{{rp|41}} The purchasers were compelled by an ATF letter to appear at ATF offices to explain and justify their purchases. ATF stated this was a pilot program that ATF was planning to apply throughout the country. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ATF agents visited a gun show's customers' homes a week after the show, demanding to see the buyers' guns or sale paperwork and arresting those who could not—or would not—comply.^[21]

A September 2008 report by the Justice Department's Office of the Inspector General determined that 76 firearms and 418 laptop computers were lost, stolen or missing from ATF, after a 59-month audit period between 2002 and 2007.^[22]

In May 2008, William Newell, Special Agent in charge of the Phoenix ATF Office, said: "When 90 percent-plus of the firearms recovered from these violent drug cartels are from a U.S. source, we have a responsibility to do everything we can to stem the illegal flow of these firearms to these thugs."^[23] According to the Justice Department's Office of the Inspector General, "ATF told the OIG that the 90-percent figure ... could be misleading because it applied only to the small portion of Mexican crime guns that are traced."^[24] Under operations "Fast and Furious," "Too Hot to Handle," and "Wide Receiver," indictments show that the Phoenix ATF Office, over protests from the gun dealers and some ATF agents involved and without notifying Mexican authorities, facilitated the sale of over 2,500 firearms (AK-47 rifles, FN 5.7mm pistols, and .50 caliber rifles) to traffickers destined for Mexico.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] Many of these same guns are being recovered from crime scenes in Arizona^[30] and throughout Mexico,^[31] which is artificially inflating ATF's eTrace statistics of U.S. origin guns seized in Mexico. One gun is alleged to be the weapon used by a Mexican national to murder Customs and Border Protection Agent Brian Terry on December 14, 2010. ATF and DOJ denied all allegations. After appearing at a Congressional Hearing, three supervisors of Fast and Furious (William G. McMahon, Newell, and David Voth) were reported as being transferred and promoted by ATF.^[32] ATF denied the transfers were promotions.^[33]

In June 2011, Vince Cefalu, an ATF special agent for 24 years who in December 2010 exposed ATF's Project Gunrunner scandal, was notified of his termination. Two days before the termination, Rep. Darrell Issa (R-CA), chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, sent a letter to the ATF warning officials not to retaliate against whistleblowers. Cefalu's dismissal followed allegations that ATF retaliates against whistleblowers. ATF spokesman Drew Wade denied that the bureau is retaliating but declined to comment about Cefalu's case.^[34]^[35]

In 2015, a proposal by the ATF to prohibit sales of certain .223 cartridges was dropped following a negative response from the public and the legislature.^[44]

In 2017, information was leaked about a proposal by the Deputy Director of the ATF (the number two official) to deregulate firearm sound suppressors and other 'Pro-Gun' actions to be taken, known as 'The White Papers'. These have no legal bearing at the moment.

Violent crime

Since 2001, ATF Agents have recommended over 10,000 felons every year for federal prosecution for firearms possession through the Project Safe Neighborhoods framework. In PSN's first year, 2001–2002, over 7,700 of these cases resulted in convictions with an average sentence of over five years per defendant.^[36] This number had risen to over 12,000 prosecutions in FY 2007.^[37] The annual FBI Uniform Crime Report (UCR) demonstrated that throughout the decade of 2001–2010, the reduction of violent crime offenses in United States Districts with dedicated Project Safe Neighborhood Agents and United States Attorneys far outperformed the national average.^[37] An outgrowth of the Project Safe Neighborhoods framework was the creation of Violent Crime Impact Teams which worked proactively to identify, disrupt, arrest and prosecute the most violent criminals through innovative technology, analytical investigative resources and an integrated federal, state and local law enforcement strategy.

Generally, about 90% of the cases referred by ATF for prosecution each year are for firearms, violent crime, and narcotics offenses. Through the first half of 2011, ATF (with fewer than 2,000 active Special Agents) had recommended 5,203 cases for prosecution.^[38] This yields an average of 5.0 cases per agent per year. For comparison, the FBI (with slightly more than 13,000 active Special Agents) had recommended 8,819 cases for prosecution,^[39] for an average of 1.2 cases per agent per year.

Personnel

ATF, as a bureau, consists of several different groups that each have their own respective role, commanded by a director. Special Agents are empowered to conduct criminal investigations, defend the United States against international and domestic terrorism, and work with state and local police officers to reduce violent crime on a national level. ATF Special Agents have some of the broadest authority of any federal agency; {{UnitedStatesCode|18|3051}} empowers them to enforce any statute in the United States Code. Specifically, ATF Special Agents have lead investigative authority on any federal crime committed with a firearm or explosive, as well as investigative authority over regulatory referrals and cigarette smuggling. ATF Special Agents also often enforce violations of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, and have the statutory authority to conduct narcotics cases independently of the Drug Enforcement Administration, Homeland Security Investigations, or any other agency. All ATF Special Agents require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, need a higher level, TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance. In order to get a security clearance, all potential ATF Special Agents must pass a detailed series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI). ATF Special Agents consistently rank at the top or near the top of all federal agencies in cases referred for prosecution, arrests made, and average time per defendant on an annual basis.^[40] Special Agents currently comprise around 2,400 of the Agency's approximately 5,000 personnel.

Industry Operations Investigators (IOI'S)^[41] are the backbone of the ATF regulatory mission. Their work is primarily investigative and routinely involves contact with, and interviews of, individuals from all walks of life and all levels of industry and government. Investigations and inspections pertain to the industries and persons regulated by ATF (e.g., firearms and explosives users, dealers, importers, exporters, manufacturers, wholesalers, etc.); and are under the jurisdiction of the Gun Control Act, National Firearms Act, Arms Export Control Act, Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 and other Federal firearms and explosives laws and regulations^[41]

The remainder of the bureau is personnel in various staff and support roles from office administrative assistants to intelligence analysts, forensic scientists, legal counsel, and technical specialists. Additionally, ATF relies heavily on state and local task force officers to supplement the Special Agents and who are not officially part of the ATF roster.

Training

Basic special agent training for new hires consists of a two-part training program. The first part is the Criminal Investigators Training Program (CITP) delivered by the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), Department of Homeland Security, Glynco, Georgia. The CITP provides fundamental training in the techniques, concepts and methodologies of conducting criminal investigations. Some of the subjects covered in the training include training in firearms, physical techniques, driving techniques, handcuffing, interviewing, surveillance, crime scene management, photography, basic firearms training and federal court procedures.

The CITP lasts approximately 12 weeks. Each class consists of 48 students, of whom approximately half are ATF trainees. The remaining portion of the CITP class consists of students from other federal agencies.^[42]

The second part of training is the Special Agent Basic Training (SABT). SABT for special agent trainees is a demanding and intensive training program that covers a wide range of disciplines including firearms and ammunition identification; firearms trafficking; report writing, interviewing techniques; alcohol/tobacco diversion investigations; explosives and fire/arson investigations; firearms and tactical training, close quarter countermeasures; field operations, undercover techniques; and physical conditioning. The SABT consists of approximately 15 weeks of training with a class of 24 student trainees.^[42]

Industry Operations Investigator Basic Training (IOIBT) is a comprehensive 10-week program designed to train newly hired industry operations investigators (IOI) in the basic knowledge, skills, and abilities they need to effectively conduct inspections of firearms and explosives licensees and permittees, as well as provide assistance to other Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies. Successful completion of IOIBT is mandatory in order for the newly hired IOI to maintain their employment.^[43]

Firearms

Members of ATF special agent ranks are issued the Glock 22 or the Glock 27 as their primary duty weapon and are trained in the use of, and issued, certain long arms. The ATF Special Response Team (SRT) is armed with Colt M4 assault rifles and other firearms.

Organization

Field divisions

The ATF has several field offices across the nation in major cities. Those cities are: Atlanta; Baltimore; Boston; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago; Columbus, Ohio; Dallas; Denver; Detroit; Houston; Kansas City, Missouri; Los Angeles; Louisville, Kentucky; Miami; Nashville, Tennessee; New Orleans; New York City; Newark, New Jersey; Philadelphia; Phoenix, Arizona; San Francisco; Seattle; St. Paul, Minnesota; Tampa, Florida; and Washington, D.C. Also there are field offices in different countries such as Canada, Mexico, El Salvador, Colombia, Iraq, and in the Caribbean.^[45]

Regulation of firearms

ATF is responsible for regulating firearm commerce in the United States. The bureau issues Federal Firearms Licenses (FFL) to sellers, and conducts firearms licensee inspections. The bureau is also involved in programs aimed at reducing gun violence in the United States, by targeting and arresting violent offenders who unlawfully possess firearms. ATF was also involved with the Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, which expanded tracing of firearms recovered by law enforcement, and the ongoing Comprehensive Crime Gun Tracing Initiative.^[46] ATF also provides support to state and local investigators, through the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) program.

Firearms tracing

ATF's Comprehensive Crime Gun Tracing Initiative is the largest operation of its kind in the world. In FY07, ATF's National Tracing Center processed over 285,000 trace requests on guns for over 6,000 law enforcement agencies in 50 countries. ATF uses a Web-based system, known as eTrace, that provides law enforcement agencies with the capability to securely and electronically send trace requests, receive trace results, and conduct basic trace analysis in real time. Over 2,000 agencies and more than 17,000 individuals currently use eTrace, including over 33 foreign law enforcement agencies. Gun tracing provides information to federal, state, local and foreign law enforcement agencies on the history of a firearm from the manufacturer (or importer), through the distribution chain, to the first retail purchaser. This information is used to link suspects to firearms in criminal investigations, identify potential traffickers, and detect in-state, interstate, and international patterns in the sources and types of crime guns. These results are then used to help the courts prosecute the offenders and attempt to clamp down on firearm crime^[47]

Firearms ballistic tracing

ATF provides investigative support to its partners through the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN), which allows federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies to image and compare crime gun evidence. NIBIN currently has 203 sites. In FY07, NIBIN's 174 partner agencies imaged more than 183,000 bullets and casings into the database, resulting in over 5,200 matches that provided investigative leads.^[47]

Regulation of explosives

With the passage of the Organized Crime Control Act (OCCA) in 1970, ATF took over the regulation of explosives in the United States, as well as prosecution of persons engaged in criminal acts involving explosives. One of the most notable investigations successfully conducted by ATF agents was the tracing of the vehicle used in the World Trade Center 1993 bombings, which led to the arrest of persons involved in the conspiracy.

ATF also enforces provisions of the Safe Explosives Act, passed after 9/11 to restrict the use/possession of explosives without a federal license to use them. ATF is considered to be the leading federal agency in most bombings that occur within the U.S., with exception to bombings related to international terrorism (investigated by the FBI).

ATF currently trains the U.S. military in evidence recovery procedures after a bombing. All ATF Agents are trained in post-blast investigation, however ATF maintains a cadre of approximately 150 highly trained explosive experts known as Certified Explosives Specialists (CES). ATF/CES Agents are trained as experts regarding Improvised Explosive Devices (IED's), as well as commercial explosives. ATF Agents work closely with state and local Bomb Disposal Units (bomb squads) within the United States.

Director confirmation controversy

In 2006, the National Rifle Association (NRA) lobbied U.S. Representative F. James Sensenbrenner to add a provision to the Patriot Act reauthorization that requires Senate confirmation of ATF director nominees. (Prior to that, ATF directors were simply appointed by the administration.)^[48] After that, the NRA lobbied against and effectively blocked every presidential nominee, leaving the agency in the hands of acting directors for seven years.^[48]^[49]^[50]

In 2007, Bush nominated Mike Sullivan for the position, a U.S. Attorney from Boston with a good reputation, but Republican Sens. Larry Craig and Michael D. Crapo, both from Idaho, blocked his confirmation after complaints from an Idaho gun dealer. In 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Andrew Traver, head of the ATF's Denver division, to fill the top spot, but the Senate never held his confirmation hearings.^[51]^[52] The NRA strongly opposed Traver's nomination.^[53] Ultimately B. Todd Jones was nominated by Obama and confirmed by the Senate as permanent ATF director on July 31, 2013.^[48]

Directors

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/about/history/|title=History of ATF|accessdate=May 2, 2009|year=2009|publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/jmd/file/821361/download|title=Congressional Budget Submission Fiscal Year 2017|last=|first=|date=February 2016|website=U.S. Department of Justice|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 May 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/about/mission/|title=ATF Online – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms|publisher=Atf.gov|accessdate=June 17, 2012}}
4. ^ATF Executive Staff, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/about/executive-staff/|title=Deputy Director |publisher=Atf.gov |accessdate=June 17, 2012}}
6. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.atf.gov/publications/factsheets/factsheet-ffl-facts-and-figures.html |title=Fact Sheet (FY 2012) |publisher=ATF.gov |date=May 2013 |accessdate=September 25, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922171440/http://www.atf.gov/publications/factsheets/factsheet-ffl-facts-and-figures.html |archivedate=September 22, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) |url=http://www.justice.gov/jmd/2013summary/pdf/fy13-atf-bud-summary.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |accessdate=January 18, 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/about/history/atf-from-1789-1998.html|title=History of ATF from Oxford University Press, Inc. – 1789–1998 U.S|publisher=Atf.gov|accessdate=June 17, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728164426/http://www.atf.gov/about/history/atf-from-1789-1998.html|archivedate=July 28, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
9. ^As early as the year 1918, however, the Bureau of Internal Revenue had begun using the name "Internal Revenue Service" on at least one tax form. See Form 1040, Individual Income Tax Return for year 1918, as republished in historical documents section of Publication 1796 (Rev. Feb. 2007), Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Form 1040s for years 1918, 1919, and 1920 bore the name "Internal Revenue Service". For the tax years 1921 through 1928, the name was dropped, then was re-added for the 1929 tax year.
10. ^¹{{cite news|title=Rex Davis, 83; ATF Ex-Chief, Moonshiners' Foe|first=Joe|last=Holley|authorlink=Joe Holley|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/10/AR2008011003831.html|work=Washington Post|date=January 11, 2008 |page=B07|accessdate=May 4, 2009}}
11. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.firearmslaw.info/FOPA |title=The Right to Keep and Bear Arms: Report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session |authors=Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution |date=February 1982 |website=firearmslaw.info |publisher=U.S. Government |accessdate=January 6, 2011}} Cover and pages 19–23
12. ^Ruby Ridge: Report of the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, 1995. "It was later established that these rumors were unfounded."
13. ^{{cite web|title=D.O.J. Office of Professional Responsibility Ruby Ridge Task Force Report|url=http://www.justice.gov/opr/readingroom/rubyreportcover_39.pdf|date=June 10, 1994|accessdate=April 30, 2009|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421072705/http://www.justice.gov/opr/readingroom/rubyreportcover_39.pdf|archive-date=April 21, 2009|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives|year=2005|url=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Alcohol,+Tobacco,+Firearms,+and+Explosives,+Bureau+of|work=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=February 6, 2011}}
15. ^See "McVeigh Remorseless About Bombing," newswire release, Associated Press, 2001-03-29, reposted at Cult Education Institute, accessed July 4, 2015.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/19/local/me-16202|title=Antonovich Is Critical of ATF Over Shootout|first1=BETH|last1=SHUSTER|first2=NICHOLAS|last2=RICCARDI|date=19 December 2001|publisher=|via=LA Times}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2012/10/fayetteville_native_jeff_ryan.html|title=Local ATF agent Jeff Ryan was haunted by LA shooting, plagued by PTSD, before taking his life|publisher=}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=Make: Rockets: Down-to-Earth Rocket Science|first1=Mike |last1=Westerfield |publisher=Maker Media|date= 2014|isbn=978-1-4571-8631-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cadUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|page=58}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/14/science/14rocket.html|title=A Cult of Backyard Rocketeers Keeps the Solid Fuel Burning|first1=Patricia Leigh |last1=Brown|date=October 14, 2006|work=New York Times}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Hobbyists-Complain-About-New-ATF-Rules-7198287.php|title=Hobbyists Complain About New ATF Rules|first1=Jack|last1= Sullivan|date=March 6, 2003}}
21. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web |url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju26053.000/hju26053_0f.htm |title=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE): Gun Show Enforcement – Hearing |authors=Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security |date=February 2006 |website=house.gov |publisher=U.S. Government |accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/ATF/a0829/final.pdf |title=The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosive's Controls Over Its Weapons, Laptop Computers, and Other Sensitive Property |author=U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Division |date=September 2008 |website=justice.gov |publisher=U.S. Government |accessdate=2011-01-21}}
23. ^{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Ross|author2=RICHARD ESPOSITO|author3=JOSEPH RHEE|title=ATF: Phoenix Gun Dealer Supplied Mexican Drug Cartels|date=May 2008|publisher=ABC News|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4796380&page=1|work=ABC News|accessdate=February 14, 2011}}
24. ^{{cite news|last=U.S. DOJ|title=Review of ATF’s Project Gunrunner|date=November 2010|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Evaluation and Inspections Division|url=http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/ATF/e1101.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Evaluation and Inspections Division|accessdate=January 29, 2012}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=US.v.Avila Indictment|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Avila_Indictment.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=February 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206034243/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Avila_Indictment.pdf|archivedate=February 6, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=US_v_Flores_Indictment|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Flores_Indictment.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=February 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220181006/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Flores_Indictment.pdf|archivedate=February 20, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=US.v.Broome Indictment|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Broome_Indictment.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=February 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220180959/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Broome_Indictment.pdf|archivedate=February 20, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=US.v.Aguilar Indictment|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Aguilar_Indictment.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=February 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220180923/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Aguilar_Indictment.pdf|archivedate=February 20, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=US.v.Abarca Indictment|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Abarca_Indictment.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Justice|accessdate=February 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220180523/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/US_v_Abarca_Indictment.pdf|archivedate=February 20, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
30. ^{{cite news|first=Lori|last=Gliha|title=Weapons linked to controversial ATF strategy found in Valley crimes|date=July 1, 2011|publisher=KNXV-TV, ABC15.com|url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/weapons-linked-to-controversial-atf-strategy-found-in-valley-crimes|work=KNXV-TV, ABC15.com|accessdate=July 1, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703035905/http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/weapons-linked-to-controversial-atf-strategy-found-in-valley-crimes|archivedate=July 3, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
31. ^{{cite news|title=Fast and Furious Investigation|year=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/Fast_Furious_Map_ATF.pdf|work=BATFE|accessdate=February 14, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Serrano|title=ATF promotes supervisors in controversial gun operation|date=August 16, 2011|publisher=The Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/16/nation/la-na-atf-guns-20110816|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=August 21, 2011}}
33. ^{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Serrano|title=ATF denies it promoted Fast and Furious supervisors|date=August 17, 2011|publisher=The Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/17/nation/la-na-atf-guns-20110818|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=August 21, 2011}}
34. ^{{cite news|first=Bill|last=O'Reilly|title=ATF Whistleblower Speaks Out About Botched Gun Operation|date=June 30, 2011|publisher=Fox News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/oreilly/2011/07/01/atf-whistleblower-speaks-out-about-botched-gun-operation|work=Fox News|accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
35. ^{{cite news|first=Maxim|last=Lott|title='Project Gunrunner' Whistleblower Says ATF Sent Him Termination Notice|date=June 27, 2011|publisher=Fox News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/06/27/atf-to-fire-gunrunner-whistleblower/|work=Fox News|accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/html/PSNFactS.pdf |title=Bureau of Justice Assistance – Re-Direct |publisher=Ojp.usdoj.gov |accessdate=June 17, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304014743/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/html/PSNFactS.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2012 }}
37. ^¹https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/226686.pdf pages 62–64
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://trac.syr.edu/cgi-secure/product/login.pl?p_month=apr&p_year=11&p_series=annual&p_stat=fil&p_agenrevgrp=JATF&_SERVICE=express9&_PROGRAM=interp.annualreport.sas&_DEBUG=0|title=TRAC Detail Reports|publisher=Trac.syr.edu|accessdate=June 17, 2012}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://trac.syr.edu/cgi-secure/product/login.pl?p_month=apr&p_year=11&p_series=annual&p_stat=fil&p_agenrevgrp=JFBI&_SERVICE=express9&_PROGRAM=interp.annualreport.sas&_DEBUG=0|title=TRAC Detail Reports|publisher=Trac.syr.edu|accessdate=June 17, 2012}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://trac.syr.edu/tracatf/trends/v04/agenmedtimeG.html|title=Prison sentences which initially rose have now fallen|accessdate=May 18, 2009|work=Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse|publisher=Syracuse University}}
41. ^¹https://www.atf.gov/careers/becoming-industry-operations-investigator
42. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.atf.gov/careers/special-agent-training|title=Special Agent Training|publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|accessdate=May 17, 2017}} {{PD-notice}}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.atf.gov/careers/industry-operations-investigator-training|title=Industry Operations Investigator Training {{!}} Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|website=www.atf.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Organization Structure {{!}} Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|url=https://www.atf.gov/about/organization-structure|website=ATF|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.atf.gov/contact/atf-field-divisions|title=ATF Field Divisions|work=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|accessdate=26 December 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/publications/general/snapshots/atf-snapshot-2006.html|title=ATF Snapshot (2006)|publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203000711/http://www.atf.gov/publications/general/snapshots/atf-snapshot-2006.html|archivedate=December 3, 2009|df=mdy-all}}
47. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.atf.gov/publications/general/snapshots/atf-snapshot-2008.html|title=ATF Snapshot (2008)|publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110191553/http://www.atf.gov/publications/general/snapshots/atf-snapshot-2008.html|archivedate=November 10, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
48. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Horwitz |first=Sari |date=July 31, 2013 |title=Senate confirms ATF director |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senate-confirms-atf-director/2013/07/31/dc9b0644-fa09-11e2-8752-b41d7ed1f685_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |location= |publisher= |accessdate=June 25, 2014 }}
49. ^{{cite news |last=Yager |first=Jordy |date=June 18, 2013 |title=Sen. Durbin pressures gun lobby with threat to move ATF authority to FBI |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/306089-dem-pressures-gun-lobby-with-threat-to-move-atf |newspaper=The Hill |location= |publisher=Capitol Hill Publishing |accessdate=June 25, 2014 }}
50. ^{{cite news |last=Serrano |first=Richard A. |date=July 11, 2013 |title=ATF nominee faces obstacles to confirmation |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jul/11/nation/la-na-atf-confirmation-20130712 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location= |publisher= |accessdate=June 25, 2014 }}
51. ^{{cite news |first=Evan|last=Puschak |date=December 26, 2012 |title=ATF Handicapped by Laws and a Lack of Leader |url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2012/12/26/atf-handicapped-by-laws-and-a-lack-of-leader/ |publisher=NBC Universal |accessdate=January 7, 2013 }}
52. ^{{cite news |last=Lavoie |first=Denise |date=October 13, 2008 |title=ATF Director's Confirmation Blocked by GOP |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-10-13-3890655654_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=January 7, 2013 }}
53. ^{{cite news |first=Katherine |last=Skiba|date=February 16, 2011 |title=Gun Lobby Stands Firm in Opposing Obama's ATF Nominee: Chicago Gang Fighter Called Wrong Choice To Head Agency |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-02-16/news/ct-met-atf-gun-lobby-0217-20110216_1_street-gangs-insane-deuces-andrew-traver |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=January 7, 2012 }}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/USA_govt.html#atf|title=United States Government|accessdate=April 30, 2009|work=World Statesmen.org|publisher=Ben Cahoon}}
55. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/atf-director-todd-jones-stepping-years-job/story?id=29779602|title=ATF Director B. Todd Jones Stepping Down After Nearly 4 Years on Job|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}