词条 | Christianity in Afghanistan |
释义 |
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan does not recognize any Afghan citizen as being Christian, nor are Afghan citizens legally permitted to convert to Christianity. Although there are [https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238700.pdf no explicit laws that forbid] evangelizing by non-Muslims, many authorities and most of society view its toleration as contrary to the practice of Islam.[1] There is only one legally recognized Christian church building in Afghanistan, the Catholic chapel at the Italian Embassy, which is not open to Afghan nationals.[1] Muslims who change their faith to Christianity, are subject to [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/world/asia/afghanistan-a-christian-convert-on-the-run.html societal and official pressure], which may lead to death, imprisonment or confiscation of property.[2] There are also Christian religious facilities at the foreign military bases, such as an Eastern Orthodox church at the Romanian base in Kandahar.[3][4][5] Items and articles belonging to religions other than Islam, such as Bibles, crucifixes, statues, carvings, items with religious symbols, and others, are prohibited{{Citation needed|reason=Foreigners are allowed all of the above.|date=January 2018}}. Despite the legal restrictions, many sources claim that there is a secret underground church of Afghan Christians living in Afghanistan.[1][6][7] The US state department has stated that estimates of the size of this group range from 500–8000 individuals.[1] Estimates to the size of the Afghan Christian community in Afghanistan however are not reliable.[8] Due to the hostile legal environment Afghan Christians practice their faith secretly in private homes.[9] The complete Bible is available online in Dari,[10] and the New Testament is available in Pashto.[11] Printed versions can also be purchased outside of the country. There are a number of Afghan Christians outside the country, including Christian communities in India,[12] the United States,[13] the United Kingdom,[14] Canada,[15] Austria,[16] Finland,[17] and Germany.[18][19] Rula Ghani, the country's First Lady since 2014, is a Maronite Christian from Lebanon. HistoryThe Apostle Thomas and early ChristianityAccording to the Acts of the Apostles ({{Bibleverse|Acts|2:9|KJV}}) in the Bible ethnic Jews and converts to Judaism from the Parthian Empire (which included parts of western Afghanistan[20][21][22]) were present at Pentecost. According to Eusebius' record, the apostles Thomas and Bartholomew were assigned to Parthia.[23] Legend based on the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas and other ancient documents suggests that Saint Thomas preached in Bactria, which is today northern Afghanistan.[24] An early third-century Syriac work known as the Acts of Thomas[25] connects the apostle's ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. According to the Acts, Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but the Lord appeared to him in a night vision and compelled him to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes (or Habban), to his native place in northwest India. There, Thomas found himself in the service of the Indo-Parthian (Southern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Northern India) King, Gondophares. The Apostle's ministry resulted in many conversions throughout the kingdom, including the king and his brother.[23] Bardaisan, writing in about 196, speaks of Christians throughout Media, Parthia and Bactria[26] and, according to Tertullian (c.160–230), there were already a number of bishoprics within the Persian Empire by 220.[27] By the time of the establishment of the Second Persian Empire (AD 226), there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.[23]The Church of the EastIn 409, the Church of the East (also sometimes called the Nestorian Church) received state recognition from King Yazdegerd I[28] (reigned 399–409), of the Iranian Sassanid Empire which ruled what is now Afghanistan from 224–579. In 424, Bishop Afrid of Sakastan, an area which covered southern Afghanistan including Zaranj and Kandahar,[29] attended the Synod of Dadyeshu.[30] This synod was one of the most important councils of the Church of the East and determined that there would be no appeal of their disciplinary or theological problems to any other power, especially not to any church council in the Roman Empire.[31] The year 424 also marks the establishment of a bishop in Herat.[32] In the 6th century, Herat was see of a Metropolitan See the Apostolic Church of the East,[32][33] and from the 9th century Herat was also the see of the Syriac Orthodox Metropolitan.[33] The significance of the Christian community in Herat can be seen in that till today there is a district outside of the city named Injil,[34] the Arabic/Dari/Pashto word for Gospel. The Christian community was present in Herat until at least 1310.[35] The Apostolic Church of the East established bishops in nine cities in Afghanistan including Herat (424–1310), Farah (544–1057),[35] Zaranj (544), Bushanj (585), Badghis (585) Kandahar, and Balkh.[32][35] There are also ruins of a Nestorian convent from the 6th–7th centuries a short distance from Panj, Tajikistan on the north bank of the Amu Darya very close to the Afghan border, near Kunduz. The complex was discovered and identified by Soviet archeologists in 1967. It consists of dozens of small rooms carved into a rock formation.[37] Ahmed Tekuder, also known as Sultan Ahmad (reigned 1282–1284) was the sultan of the Ilkhan Empire, a Mongol Empire which stretched from eastern Turkey to Pakistan and covered most of Afghanistan. Tekuder was born Nicholas Tekuder Khan as a Nestorian Christian; however, Tekuder later embraced Islam[38] and changed his name to Ahmed Tekuder. When Tekuder assumed the throne in 1282, he turned the Ilkhan empire into a sultanate. Tekudar zealously propagated his new faith and sternly required his ranking offices to do the same. The Ilkhan Empire ultimately adopted Islam as a state religion in 1295. The Church of the East was almost completely eradicated across Afghanistan and Persia during the reign of Timur (1336–1405).[39] Early Jesuit explorersIn 1581 and 1582 respectively, the Jesuit and Spanish Montesserat and the Portuguese Bento de Góis were warmly welcomed by the Islamic Emperor Akbar, but there was no lasting presence by the Jesuits in the country.[40][41] The Armenian Apostolic ChurchThere were Armenian merchants living in Kabul as early as 1667 who were in contact with the Jesuits in Mughal (modern day India).[42] It is unclear if these Armenian merchants were Christians but their presence suggests an Armenian community in Kabul in the 17th century. Kabul was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Armenian Apostolic Church Perso-Indian diocese in New Julfa, Esfahan (modern day Iran),[43] which sent Armenian priests to the community; however, no Armenian priest came after 1830.[44] In 1755, Jesuit missionary to Lahore Joseph Tiefenthaler reported that Sultan Ahmad Shah Bahadur took several Armenian gun makers from Lahore to Kabul.[45] Anglican missionary Joseph Wolff preached to their descendants in Kabul in Persian in 1832; by his account, the community numbered about 23 people.[44] [46] In 1839, when Lord Keane marched to Kabul, the Chaplain, the Rev. G. Pigott, baptised two of the children at the Armenian church.[47] And in 1842, the Rev. J. N. Allen, Chaplain to General William Nott's force, baptized three others.[43][48]The only reported baptism of an ethnic Afghan in the Armenian Church was said to be a robber who broke into the church through the roof and fell three times while attempting to leave with the valuable silver vessels stored there. When he was discovered, he begged for mercy and later asked to be baptized.[49] The Armenian church building near Bala Hissar was destroyed during the Second Anglo-Afghan War by British troops; the community received compensation from the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office for their loss, but the church was never rebuilt. As late as 1870, British reports showed 18 Armenian Christians remaining in Kabul.[44] In 1896, Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, even sent a letter to the Armenian community at Calcutta, India (now Kolkata), asking that they send ten or twelve families to Kabul to "relieve the loneliness" of their fellow Armenians, whose numbers had continued to dwindle.[50] However, despite an initial reply of interest, in the end, none of the Armenians of Calcutta accepted the offer.[51] The following year, the final remnants of the Armenians were expelled after a letter from Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to the Afghan ruler questioning the loyalty of the Armenians.[52] The Armenians of Kabul took refuge in Peshawar. It is worth mentioning that these refugees carried with them their religious books and ancient manuscripts. An article on this issue in the Englishman (Calcutta) dated 11 February 1907 stated: “These people in the time of the late Ameer Abdul Rahman had dwindled down to ten families. They were, for reasons unknown, banished to Peshawar and brought down with them a collection of manuscripts said to be of immense antiquity. Indeed, they are so old that none of the families possessing them are able to read them… In any case an examination by experts of the manuscripts now said to be in Peshawar, should yield some valuable results. The families themselves are unaware of the history of the first settlement in Kabul, except that it dates back to the very earliest times.” [53] Armenian Archbishop Sahak Ayvadian, after this publication went to Peshawar for a pastoral visit to these Armenians as well as to examine the books and manuscripts. On his return to Calcutta he presented some books to the Armenian Church Library, which he had obtained from the refugees.[54] 20th century onwards{{See also|Roman Catholicism in Afghanistan}}The only legally recognized church in Afghanistan today is in the Italian embassy. Italy was the first country to recognize Afghanistan’s independence in 1919, and the Afghan government asked how it could thank Italy. Rome requested the right to build a Catholic chapel, which was being requested by international technicians then living in the Afghan capital. A clause giving Italy the right to build a chapel within its embassy was included in the Italian-Afghan treaty of 1921, and that same year the Barnabites arrived to start giving pastoral care.[55] The actual pastoral work began in 1933 when the chapel international technicians had asked for was built.[56] In the 1950s, the simple cement chapel was finished.[57] From 1990 to 1994, Father Giuseppe Moretti served as the only Roman Catholic priest in Afghanistan,[58] but he was forced to leave in 1994 after being hit with shrapnel and had to return to Italy.[59] After 1994, Little Sisters of Jesus were the only Catholic religious workers allowed to remain in Afghanistan, as they had been there since 1955 and their work was renowned.[60] In 1959, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited Afghanistan. The Islamic Center of Washington had recently been built in Washington, DC for the Muslim diplomats there and President Eisenhower requested permission from King Zahir Shah to construct a Protestant church in Kabul on a reciprocal basis for the use of the diplomatic corp and expatriate community in Afghanistan. Christians from all around the world contributed to its construction. At its dedication, the cornerstone which was carved in Afghan alabaster marble read: "To the glory of God 'Who loves us and has freed us from our sins by His blood' this building is dedicated as 'a house of prayer for all nations' in the reign of H.M. Zahir Shah, May 17, 1970 A.D., 'Jesus Christ Himself being the Chief Cornerstone'."[61][62] The Church building however was destroyed 17 June 1973.[62] On that same day Mohammed Daoud Khan seized power from his cousin (and brother-in-law) Zahir Shah and declared himself president of the newly created Republic of Afghanistan.[63] Since the destruction of the church building, no place of worship has been authorized for Protestant Christians. The number of converts to Christianity increased as the U.S. presence increased after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Most of the Christian converts lived in urban areas, so the threat from the Taliban was minimal. But many Christian converts started fleeing Afghanistan (mostly to India) around 2005, fearing their identities might become public.[64] A 2015 study estimated some 3,300 believers in Christ from a Muslim background living in the country.[65] Significant events since 2001{{Updatesection|date=October 2017}}{{Prose|section|date=November 2016}}
See also
Notes1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | author= USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |year=2009 |title= International Religious Freedom Report 2009| url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |accessdate= 6 March 2010}} 2. ^{{cite web | author= USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |year=2016 |title= International Religious Freedom Report 2016| url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=268924 |accessdate= 22 January 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.antiochian.org/node/22949 |title=Antiochian Chaplain Ministers in Afghanistan |publisher=Antiochian.org |date= |accessdate=3 June 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.antiochian.org/node/22953 |title=Letter From Fr. David Alexander to St. Anthony's Parish |publisher=Antiochian.org |date= |accessdate=3 June 2014}} 5. ^Easter service at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, 25 April 2011 6. ^Hussain Andaryas estimates there are 3,000 – 10,000 Afghan Christians worldwide. He bases that figure on messages sent to his ministry since it began in 1996. Even if some of those messages were not genuine, he said, the number would be more than evened out by Christians living in remote areas without access to computers.Convert Case Sparks Surge of Interest in Christianity Among Afghans{{date=March 2009}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |title=Christians in Afghanistan: A Community of Faith and Fear |publisher=Spiegel.de |date=March 30, 2006 |accessdate=March 10, 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web | author= USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |year=2016 |title= International Religious Freedom Report 2016| url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=268924 |accessdate= 22 January 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web | author= USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |year=2016 |title= International Religious Freedom Report 2016| url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=268924 |accessdate= 22 January 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanbibles.org/ |title=Afghan Bibles |publisher=Afghan Bibles |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pashtozeray.org/bible/en/ |title=Pashto Bible online – Index |publisher=Pashtozeray.org |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/an-afghan-church-grows-in-delhi/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|title=An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi|last=Faroquee|first=Neyaz|date=22 July 2013|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 July 2014|quote=In a South Delhi neighborhood, the sound of a man reciting Dari, a Farsi dialect spoken in Afghanistan, over a loudspeaker attached to a modest two-story building rose over the din of vegetable hawkers. The building was a church run by Afghan refugees who had converted to Christianity. The man was a young Afghan priest reading the Bible before a Sunday service in its basement. Between 200 and 250 Afghan converts from Islam to Christianity who feared persecution from the Afghan authorities and the Taliban have found refuge in Delhi.}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanchurch.net |title=Afghan Christian Fellowship, Los Angeles |publisher=Afghanchurch.net |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 14. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/mar/05/afghanistan-christianity | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Plight of an Afghan Christian | first=Reza | last=Mohammadi | date=6 March 2009}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.farsinet.com/icc/canada.html |title=Iranian Christian Churches in Canada, Iranian Christian Church in Toronto Canada, Iranian Christian Church in Montreal Canada, Iranian Christian Church in Vancouver Canada, Persian Church in Canada, Farsi Church in Canada, farsi Church in Toronto, farsi Church in vancouver, Worldwide Directory of Iranian/Persian Christian Churches – Iranian Christian Churches in Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal |publisher=Farsinet.com |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khudawand.com/aboutus.htm|title=کليسايی تعميدی افغان|trans-title=ABC About us|publisher=Khudawand.com|date=|accessdate=1 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713145403/http://www.khudawand.com/aboutus.htm|archivedate=13 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^[https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/hundreds_of_asylum_seekers_in_finland_converting_from_islam_to_christianity/9744118 Hundreds of asylum seekers in Finland converting from Islam to Christianity]. Retrieved August 13, 2017. 18. ^Muslims Converting to Christianity by the Hundreds in Finland. Retrieved August 13, 2017. 19. ^Christian refugee converts in Germany face violent attacks. Retrieved August 13, 2017. 20. ^{{cite web| url=https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/25/1725-004-630DAE31.jpg |title=Map of Parthian Empire, 1st century BCE |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc |accessdate=22 January 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Historical-beginnings-to-the-7th-century-ce#ref109910 |title=Afghanistan, Historical beginnings (to the 7th century CE) |accessdate=22 January 2018}} 22. ^"Legendary horsemen and battlefield tacticians, willing to travel vast distances and strike at a moment's notice, the Parthians took advantage of the collapsing Seleucid Empire to carve out an empire during the late 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD that, at its peak, covered a vast region — from the Caspian Sea in the north to Syria in the west, the Persian Gulf in the south and the western half of present-day Afghanistan to the east —making it second only to the Roman Empire in size and economic might."{{cite web| url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-07enl.html |title=Parthian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Parthian, Yuezhi Invasion and Indo-Scythian Rule (circa 200 BC to circa 100 AD) |author=CENTCOM Heritage/Cultural Advisory Group Training Module |publisher=Colorado State University |accessdate=22 January 2018}} 23. ^1 2 A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.18–71; M. R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp.364–436; A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.1–17, 213–97; Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30; J. N. Farquhar, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, Early History of India, p.235; L. W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, p.49-59 24. ^{{cite web | author= Merillat, Herbert Christian| year=1997| title=Wandering in the East| work= The Gnostic Apostle Thomas| url=http://members.aol.com/didymus5/ch19.html| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927210206/http://members.aol.com/didymus5/ch19.html| archivedate=27 September 2004| accessdate=11 August 2009}} 25. ^A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.18–71; M. R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp.364–436; A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.1–17, 213–97; Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30; J. N. Farquhar, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, Early History of India, p.235; L. W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, p.49-59 26. ^"We are Christians by the one name of the Messiah. As regards our customs our brethren abstain from everything that is contrary to their profession.... Parthian Christians do not take two wives.... Our Bactrian sisters do not practice promiscuity with strangers. Persians do not take their daughters to wife. Medes do not desert their dying relations or bury them alive. Christians in Edessa do not kill their wives or sisters who commit fornication but keep them apart and commit them to the judgment of God. Christians in Hatra do not stone thieves" (quoted in Mark Dickens: The Church of the East). 27. ^http://Dickens{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mark. Church of the East www.oxuscom.com/Church_of_the_East.pdf 28. ^{{cite book|author=Willison, Walker|title=A history of the Christian church|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA172&dq=nestorian+church&cd=9#v=onepage&q=nestorian%20church&f=false|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1985|isbn=978-0-684-18417-3}} 29. ^Sakastan 30. ^{{cite journal | author= Sanasarian, Eliz| date=Summer–Fall 1998| title=Babi-Bahais, Christians, and Jews in Iran| journal= Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society| volume= 31| number= 3–4| jstor=4311193}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://cultureofiran.com/christianity_history.html |title=Christianity in Iran, a Brief History |publisher=Culture of IRAN |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 32. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html |title=Location of Nestorian Bishops |publisher=Nestorian.org |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515040342/http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html |archivedate=15 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 33. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.katolsk.no/utenriks/kronologi/afghanistan.htm |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Afghanistan |language=no |publisher=Katolsk.no |date=15 May 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 34. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20060316034634/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/district/hirat/injil.pdf] 35. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://zenit.org/english/asia/stats2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818173702/http://zenit.org/english/asia/stats2.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=18 August 2000 |title=Asia at a Glance |publisher= |date= |accessdate=3 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 36. ^A history of the crusades, By Steven Runciman, pg. 397 37. ^{{cite journal |author= Maria Adelaide |title= Nestorianism in Central Asia during the First Millennium: Archaeological Evidence|journal= Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society |url= http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v11n1/Nestorianism.pdf| page= 17/34 |accessdate= 6 March 2010}} 38. ^A history of the crusades By Steven Runciman, pg. 397 39. ^Apostolic Church of the East 40. ^{{cite web| date=17 June 2005| title=Jesuits in Afghanistan?| work=SJ Electronic Information Service| url=http://www.companysj.com/sjusa/05-06-17.htm#afghanistan| accessdate=18 June 2006| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514071130/http://www.companysj.com/sjusa/05-06-17.htm#afghanistan| archivedate=14 May 2006| df=dmy-all}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://info.jesuit.org.au/info/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=413|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929023252/http://info.jesuit.org.au/info/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=413|archivedate=29 September 2007|work= Australian Jesuits|title=After 400 years, Jesuits return to Afghanistan|accessdate=11 August 2009}} 42. ^As cited in: M.J.Seth, Armenians in India,new Delhi-Bombay-Calcutta, Oxford & IHB Publishing Co., 1983, p 207 http://www.angelfire.com/hi/Azgaser/kabul.html 43. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/hi/Azgaser/kabul.html |title=Armenians in Kabul |publisher=Angelfire.com |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 44. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=208}} 45. ^{{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=207}} 46. ^Travels and Adventures of The Rev. Joseph Wolff, D.D., LL.D., Vicar of Ile Brewers, Near Taunton ; And Late Missionary to the Jews and Muhammadans in Persia, Bokhara, Cashmeer, etc. pg 362 1861 https://archive.org/stream/travelsofwolff00wolfuoft/travelsofwolff00wolfuoft_djvu.txt 47. ^The Rev. J. N. Allen's account of his visit to the Armenian Church at Cabul in 1842 states: "1842, 1 October.I went into the town and accompanied by Captain Boswell, 2nd Regiment, Bengal N.I. set forth to make inquiries respecting a small community of Armenian Christians, of whom I had heard from my friend the Rev. G. Pigott, who had baptized two of their children when he visited Cabul in 1839, as Chaplain to the Bombay Army under Lord Keane.After some inquirey, we discovered them in a street in the Bala Hissar, leading from Jellalabad Gate; their buildings were on the North side of the street. We went up an alley and turned into a small court on the left, surrounded by buildings and filled with the implements of their trade. A little door led from this court into their church, a small dark building, but procuring lights, I found it was carpeted and kept clean, apparently with great care.", as cited on http://www.angelfire.com/hi/Azgaser/kabul.html 48. ^{{harvnb|Hughes|1893|p=456}} 49. ^{{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=209}} 50. ^{{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=210}} 51. ^{{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=217}} 52. ^{{harvnb|Seth|1992|p=218}} 53. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044550/http://www.menq.am/history/chap1_part09.htm|date=1 September 2007}} 54. ^Annie Basil, Armenian Settlements in India: from the earliest times to the present day, Calcutta, Armenian College, n.d., p.69 55. ^{{cite web|date=29 September 2003 |title=Asia/Afghanistan – Barnabite Fathers 70 Years of Service in Afghanistan: Kabul Mission First Step for Growth of Local Church" Says Nuncio to Pakistan, Archbishop Alessandro D’Errico |work=Fides |url=http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2003/0309/29_807.html |accessdate=18 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050611085239/http://www.fides.org/eng/news/2003/0309/29_807.html |archivedate=11 June 2005 |df=dmy }} 56. ^{{cite web | date=12 October 2005| title=A "public" church in Afghanistan? The past offers hope for the present (Overview) | work= Asianews.it | url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=4339&size=| accessdate=18 June 2006}} 57. ^{{cite web| date=27 January 2002| title=Mass Celebrated Again in Afghan Capital| work=zenit.org| url=http://zenit.org/english/war/visualizza.phtml?sid=15745| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020306183706/http://www.zenit.org/english/war/visualizza.phtml?sid=15745| dead-url=yes| archive-date=6 March 2002| accessdate=11 August 2009| df=dmy-all}} 58. ^{{cite web|date=2 November 2004 |title=The Sisters of Mother Teresa arrive in Kabul |work=Asianews.it |url=http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=1810 |accessdate=18 June 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112012759/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en |archivedate=12 January 2008 }} 59. ^{{cite web| date=8 November 2001| title=Afghanistan May Now Be a Priestless Nation| work=zenit.org| url=http://zenit.org/english/war/visualizza.phtml?sid=12270| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011203163718/http://www.zenit.org/english/war/visualizza.phtml?sid=12270| dead-url=yes| archive-date=3 December 2001| accessdate=11 August 2009| df=dmy-all}} 60. ^{{cite web| date=23 May 2005| title=Catholic presence expanding, Jesuit NGO and Sisters of Mother Teresa to arrive| work=Asianews.it| url=http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=3346| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526165940/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=3346| dead-url=yes| archive-date=26 May 2005| accessdate=18 June 2006| df=dmy-all}} 61. ^{{cite web |url=http://i-am.org/members/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=9 |title=The Untold Story of Afghanistan |publisher=IAM |date=26 July 2007 |accessdate=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724153235/http://i-am.org/members/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=9 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 62. ^1 {{cite book|author=Floyd McClung|title=Living on the Devil's Doorstep: From Kabul to Amsterdam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlibLkdiAiUC&pg=PA67|accessdate=1 April 2011|date=1 September 1996|publisher=YWAM Publishing|isbn=978-0-927545-45-7|pages=67–}} 63. ^Mohammed Daoud Khan 64. ^An Afghan Church Grows in Delhi. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015. 65. ^{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=IJRR|date=2015|volume=11|issue=10|pages=1–19|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census|accessdate=30 October 2015}} 66. ^1 http://www.shelter-now.org/about-shelter/our-work/ | accessdate=23 September 2010 67. ^http://www.aim.org/guest-column/murder-in-the-mountains/ | accessdate=23 September 2010 68. ^http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jr9e?opendocument | accessdate=23 September 2010 69. ^USCIRF Freedom of Religion report 2005 page 122 70. ^http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4997548.stm | accessdate=23 September 2010 71. ^USCIRF Freedom of Religion report 2009 page 144 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/delegazioni-uff-esequie-jp-ii_20050408_en.html |title=Extraordinary Missions present at the Solemn Funeral of Pope John Paul II |publisher=Vatican.va |date= |accessdate=1 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219130857/http://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/delegazioni-uff-esequie-jp-ii_20050408_en.html |archivedate=19 February 2008 |df=dmy }} 73. ^{{cite news |title=Afghan clerics want convert sent back |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/subst:BDBBFC0A-AEEB-4023-8B97-6F4A515CD965.htm |work= |publisher=aljazeera |pages= |page= |date=4 April 2006 |accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=April 2010}} 74. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12063255/|publisher=MSNBC|title=Afghan Christian Convert Finds Sanctuary|date=29 March 2006 | agency= Associated Press | accessdate=27 August 2010}} 75. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/22/AR2006032201113_2.html|publisher=The Washington Post|title=For Afghans, Allies, A Clash Of Values|date=23 March 2006 | first=Pamela | last=Constable | accessdate=30 April 2010}} 76. ^{{cite news |first=Sultan M. |last=Munadi |title=Afghan Case Against Christian Convert Falters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/international/asia/26cnd-afghan.html?ex=1301029200&en=c9ed4e6797ef87a8&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |pages= |page= |date=26 March 2006 |accessdate= }} 77. ^{{cite news |title=Monday, March 27 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/03/27/monday/index.html?eref=sitesearch |work= |publisher=CNN |pages= |page= |date=28 March 2006 |accessdate= }} 78. ^{{cite news |first=Alessio |last=Vinci |title=Afghan convert arrives in Italy for asylum |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/christian.convert/index.html |work= |publisher=CNN |pages= |page= |date=29 March 2006 |accessdate= }} 79. ^{{cite news| title = Korean Missionaries under Fire| publisher = Time Magazine| date = 27 July 2007| url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647646,00.html| accessdate = 8 September 2007}} 80. ^{{cite news|last=Shah |first=Amir |title=Taliban to free 19 S. Korean hostages |agency=Associated Press |date=29 April 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/08/29/taliban_to_free_19_s_korean_hostages/ |accessdate=29 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072337/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/08/29/taliban_to_free_19_s_korean_hostages/ |archivedate=9 September 2007 }} 81. ^USCIRF Freedom of Religion report 2009 page 145 82. ^UK charity worker killed in Kabul, BBC News, 20 October 2008 83. ^{{cite news| url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/05/200952017377106909.html| title=US burns Bibles in Afghanistan row | date=22 May 2009| publisher=Al Jazeera| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2F05%2F200952017377106909.html&date=2009-05-26| archivedate=26 May 2009}} 84. ^{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/20/us.military.bibles.burned/| title=Military burns unsolicited Bibles sent to Afghanistan | date=22 May 2009| publisher=CNN| quote='This was irresponsible and dangerous journalism sensationalizing year-old footage of a religious service for U.S. soldiers on a U.S. base and inferring that troops are evangelizing to Afghans,' Col. Gregory Julian said.| accessdate=26 May 2009}} 85. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/04/military-accused-handing-bibles-afghanistan/ |title=U.S. Military Accused of Handing Out Bibles in Afghanistan |date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=25 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509164004/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/04/military-accused-handing-bibles-afghanistan/ |archivedate=9 May 2009 |df=dmy }} 86. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.forward.com/articles/105668/| title=Bad Faith Efforts at Bagram| date=6 May 2009| quote=“These special forces guys — they hunt men basically,”... “We do the same things as Christians, we hunt people for Jesus. We do, we hunt them down.”| publisher=The Forward| accessdate=25 May 2009}} 87. ^1 USCIRF Freedom of Religion report 2010 88. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/world/asia/01afghan.html | accessdate=23 September 2010 89. ^http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2010/June/Afghans-Protest-Christian-Aid-Groups/ | accessdate=23 September 2010 90. ^http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2010/06/05/afghan-lawmaker-calls-for-execution-of-christian-converts-from-islam.html retrieved 23 September 2010| quote="Those Afghans that appeared in this video film should be executed in public, the house should order the attorney general and the NDS (intelligence agency) to arrest these Afghans and execute them."| publisher=RAWA| accessdate=23 September 2010 91. ^http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/260050/america-quiet-execution-afghan-christian-said-musa-paul-marshall# retrieved 26 May 2012| quote="There are reports that Said Musa, whose situation I described at Christmas, will soon be executed for the ‘crime’ of choosing to become a Christian. Musa was one of about 25 Christians arrested on May 31, 2010, after a May 27 Noorin TV program showed video of a worship service held by indigenous Afghan Christians; he was arrested as he attempted to seek asylum at the German embassy. He converted to Christianity eight years ago, is the father of six young children, had a leg amputated after he stepped on a landmine while serving in the Afghan Army, and now has a prosthetic leg. His oldest child is eight and one is disabled (she cannot speak). He worked for the Red Cross/Red Crescent as an adviser to other amputees.| publisher=National Review| accessdate=26 May 2012 92. ^{{cite news |author=Matiullah Mati |title=Afghan Christian faces trial for alleged conversion from Islam |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/11/21/afghan-christian-faces-trial-for-alleged-conversion-from-islam/ |work= |publisher=CNN |pages= |page= |date=21 November 2010 |accessdate=26 May 2012 }} 93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/british-aid-worker-killed-in-massacre-in-afghanistan-1.1046714|title=British aid worker killed in massacre in Afghanistan|last=Gannon|first=Kathy|date=8 August 2010|work=The Herald|accessdate=8 August 2010}} 94. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/08/world/asia/08afghan.html|title=10 Medical Aid Workers Are Found Slain in Afghanistan|last=Nordland|first=Rod|date=7 August 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=7 August 2010}} 95. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hvWEqwq3CrRvaQCmt21MfoYhjZJQD9HEQS801|title=Afghan medical mission ends in death for 10|last=Gannon|first=Kathy|date=7 August 2010|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=7 August 2010}} 96. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7933035/Killing-of-British-doctor-in-Afghanistan-a-cowardly-act-says-William-Hague.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Killing of British doctor in Afghanistan 'a cowardly act' says William Hague | date=8 August 2010}} 97. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10900338 | work=BBC News | title=Foreign medical workers among 10 killed in Afghanistan | date=7 August 2010}} 98. ^{{cite news| url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE6760DN20100807 | work=Reuters | title=Eight foreign medical workers killed in Afghanistan | date=7 August 2010}} 99. ^The Afghanistan Analysts Network: Ten Dead in Badakhshan 6: Local Taliban Say it was Murder 100. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2009399,00.html|title=Will Aid Workers' Killings End Civilian Surge?|last=Motlagh|first=Jason|date=9 August 2010|publisher=TIME|accessdate=10 August 2010}} 101. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/07/AR2010080700822.html|title=Taliban kills 10 medical aid workers in northern Afghanistan|last=Partlow|first=Joshua|date=8 August 2010|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=8 August 2010}} 102. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-taliban-ambush-20100808,0,1161367.story|title=6 Americans among 10 charity workers killed in Taliban ambush|last=King|first=Laura|date=7 August 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=7 August 2010}} 103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/0807/International-Assistance-Mission-slayings-part-of-Taliban-war-strategy|title=International Assistance Mission slayings: part of Taliban war strategy|last=Jonsson|first=Patrik|date=7 August 2010|work=The Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=7 August 2010}} 104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0807/Afghanistan-war-Deadly-ambush-of-medical-mission-roils-one-of-safest-provinces |title=Afghanistan war: Deadly ambush of medical mission roils one of safest provinces |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=7 August 2010 |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0809/Afghanistan-aid-workers-deaths-highlights-delicate-position-of-Christian-affiliated-groups |title=Afghanistan aid workers' deaths highlights delicate position of Christian-affiliated groups |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=9 August 2010 |accessdate=1 April 2011}} 106. ^{{cite news |author=Ray Rivera |title=Afghan Rights Fall Short for Christian Converts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/asia/06mussa.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |pages= |page= |date=5 February 2011 |accessdate=25 May 2012 }} 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.persecution.org/2011/04/20/afghan-christian-released-from-prison-and-safely-out-of-the-country/ |title=Afghan Christian Released from Prison and Safely out of the Country |publisher=Persecution.org |date=20 April 2011 |accessdate=26 May 2012}} 108. ^{{cite news |author1=Adam Schreck |author2=Heidi Vogt |title=Afghan Case Against Christian Convert Falters |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/25/AR2011022501007.html |work= |publisher=Washington Post |pages= |page= |date=25 February 2011 |accessdate=25 May 2012 }} Sources
External links
1 : Christianity in Afghanistan |
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