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词条 Christianity in Pakistan
释义

  1. History

     Deterioration of relations 

  2. Persecution

     Discrimination in the Constitution  Blasphemy Laws  Forced displacements  Muslim extremist violence against Christians 

  3. Statistics

     By Province 

  4. Notable Christians

     Christians in Pakistani military services  Pakistan Air Force[70]  Pakistan Army  Pakistan Navy  Religious Ministers  Civil services and police  Education   Entertainment   Sports  Other 

  5. Literature

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Pakistani Christians
|image = File:St. Andrews Church.jpg
|pop = 3,237,893 (2017)
1.6% of the Pakistani Population[1]
|regions = Especially in Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory
|langs = Urdu{{·}}Punjabi{{·}}English
|rels =
}}Christians make up one of the two largest (non-Muslim) religious minorities in Pakistan, along with Hindus. The total number of Christians in Pakistan was estimated at 2.5 million in 2005, or 1.6% of the population.[1] Of these, approximately half are Catholic and half Protestant.[2][3][4]

History

{{Christianity in Pakistan}}

In 1877, on St. Thomas' Day at Westminster Abbey, London, Rev Thomas Valpy French was appointed the first Anglican Bishop of Lahore, a large diocese which included all of the Punjab, then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887; during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.[5][6][7]

Rev Thomas Patrick Hughes served as a Church Missionary Society missionary at Peshawar (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).[8]

Missionaries accompanied colonizing forces from Portugal, France, and Great Britain. Jesuit missionaries sent from their Portuguese-held Goa built a Catholic church in Lahore, the first in Punjab, around 1597, two years after being granted permission by emperor Akbar, who had called them to his court in Fatehpur Sikri for religious discussions. This church was later demolished, perhaps during Aurangzeb times. Later on, Christianity was mainly brought by the British rulers of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of Karachi, where the majestic St. Patrick's Cathedral, one of Pakistan's largest church, stands, and the churches in the city of Rawalpindi, where the British established a major military cantonment.

The Europeans won{{how|date=June 2014}} small numbers of converts to Anglicanism, Methodism, the Lutheran Church and Catholicism from the native populations. Islam was very strong in the provinces of Punjab, Balochistan and the North West Frontier Province, but small native communities of converts to Christianity were formed. The largest numbers came from resident officers of the British Army and the government. European and wealthy native Christians established colleges, churches, hospitals and schools in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar. There is a large Catholic Goan community in Karachi which was established when Karachi's infrastructure was developed by the British before World War II, and the Irish (who were subjects of the British Empire and formed a large part of the British Army) were an important factor in the establishment of Pakistan's Catholic community.

When Pakistan achieved independence in 1947, the organization and activities of the Christian community changed drastically. Christians in Punjab and Sindh had been quite active after 1945 in their support for Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League. Even before the final phase of the movement, leading Indian Christians like Pothan Joseph had rendered valuable services as journalists and propagandists of the Muslim League.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} Jinnah had repeatedly promised all citizens of Pakistan complete equality of citizenship, but this promise was not kept by his successors. Pakistan became an Islamic Republic in 1956, making Islam the source of legislation and cornerstone of the national identity, while guaranteeing freedom of religion and equal citizenship to all citizens. In the mass population exchanges that occurred between Pakistan and India upon independence due to conflict between Muslims and followers of Indian religions, most Hindus and nearly all Sikhs fled the country. Pakistani Punjab is now over 2% Christian, with very few Hindus left.

Christians have made some contributions to the Pakistani national life. Pakistan's first non-Muslim Chief Justice of Pakistan Supreme Court was Justice A. R. Cornelius. Pakistani Christians also distinguished themselves as great fighter pilots in the Pakistan Air Force. Notable amongst them are Cecil Chaudhry, Peter O'Reilly and Mervyn L Middlecoat. Christians have also contributed as educationists, doctors, lawyers and businessmen. One of Pakistan's cricketers, Yousuf Youhana, was born Christian, but later on converted to Islam, taking the Islamic name Mohammad Yousuf. In Britain, the bishop emeritus of Rochester Michael Nazir-Ali is a Pakistani Christian.

In 2016, it was reported that Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) had banned all of the Christian television stations. PEMRA doesn't allow landing rights for religious content, allowing airing of Christian messages only on Easter and Christmas.[9]

Since 1996, small community of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Pakistan was placed under ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the newly formed Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia that was set up by the decision of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[10] In 2008, the Diocese was divided, and Pakistan came under jurisdiction of newly formed Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Singapore and South Asia.[11]

Deterioration of relations

According to journalist Pamela Constable, in the 1980s and 1990s tensions between Christians and Muslims in Pakistan began to "fester". Constable credits the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the rise of military dictator General Mohammed Zia ul-Haq, and the influence of stricter religious teachings coming from the Gulf states as catalysts for the change. After the 9/11 attacks on the US, things grew worse with "many Pakistani Muslims " seeing the American response to the attacks "as a foreign plot to defame their faith."[12][13]

Pakistan's Christian community developed a "growing sense of concern", particularly over the strict blasphemy laws – which restricts any insults against the Islamic prophet Muhammad and makes the crime punishable by death – which many activists viewed as "being abused to target religious minorities. In the 1990s, some Christians were arrested on charges of blasphemy, and for protesting that appeared to insult Islam. John Joseph, a bishop in Faisalabad committed suicide to protest the execution of a Christian man on blasphemy charges.[14][15]

In 2009 a series of attacks killed eight Christians in Gojra[16] including four women and a child.[17] In 2013, a suicide bombing at a Church in Peshawar left more than 100 people dead, and a series of attacks at churches in Lahore in 2015 left 14 dead.[18] On March 27, 2016 over seventy people were killed when a suicide bomber targeting Christians celebrating Easter attacked a playground in Lahore.[19]

Persecution

From 1947 to the mid-1970s, the governments of Pakistan were largely secular in policy and judgment. In 1971, East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, and the majority of Pakistan's Hindus, who lived in Bangladesh, were severed from Pakistan. Pakistan became a culturally monolithic, increasingly Islamic state, with smaller religious minorities than ever.

With the governments of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Zia ul-Haq, more stringently Islamic laws transformed Pakistan. Conversion to other faiths than Islam is not prohibited by law, but culture and social pressures do not favour such conversions. Muslims who change their faith to Christianity, are subject to societal pressure. Extremely controversial were the blasphemy laws, which made it treacherous for non-Muslims to express themselves without being accused of being un-Islamic. Zia also introduced the Sharia as a basis for lawmaking, reinforced by Nawaz Sharif in 1991. Coerced conversions to Islam from Christianity are a major source of concern for Pakistani Christians, and the minority faces threats, harassment and intimidation tactics from extremists.[20]

Discrimination in the Constitution

{{See also|Zia-ul Haq's Islamitization}}

Christians, along with other non-Muslim minorities, are discriminated against in the Constitution of Pakistan. Non-Muslims are barred from becoming the President[21] or Prime Minister.[3] Furthermore, they are barred from being judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic.[22]

Blasphemy Laws

{{See also|Blasphemy law in Pakistan}}

Several hundred Christians, along with Muslims themselves, have been prosecuted under Pakistan's blasphemy laws, and death sentences have been handed out to at least a dozen.[23]

Pakistani law mandates that any "blasphemies" of the Quran are to be met with punishment. On July 28, 1994, Amnesty International urged Pakistan's Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto to change the law because it was being used to terrorize religious minorities. She tried but was unsuccessful. However, she modified the laws to make them more moderate. Her changes were reversed by the Nawaz Sharif administration. Some people accused of blasphemy have been killed in prison or shot dead in court, and even if pardoned, may remain in danger from imams in their local village.[24]

Ayub Masih, a Christian, was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to death in 1998. He was accused by a neighbor of stating that he supported British writer Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses. Lower appeals courts upheld the conviction. However, before the Pakistan Supreme Court, his lawyer was able to prove that the accuser had used the conviction to force Masih's family off their land and then acquired control of the property. Masih has been released.[25]

On September 22, 2006, a Pakistani Christian named Shahid Masih was arrested and jailed for allegedly violating Islamic "blasphemy laws" in the country of Pakistan. He is at present held in confinement and has expressed fear of reprisals by Islamic fundamentalists.[26] (Note that the name "Masih", which comes from Arabic المسيحيين Al-Masihiyyin, "Christians", is a common surname in Pakistan and India among Christians.)

In November 2010, Asia Bibi was sentenced to death by hanging for "blasphemy"; the sentence has to be upheld in higher court before it can be executed.[27][28] Bibi was acquitted in 2018.

In August 2012, Rimsha Masih, a Christian girl, reportedly 11 or 14 years old, and an illiterate with mental disabilities was accused of blasphemy for burning pages from a book containing Quranic verses. The allegation came from a Muslim cleric who himself has subsequently been accused by the police of framing the girl. The girl, and later the cleric, were both arrested and released on bail.[29][30][31]

Forced displacements

Since 2014, the Capital Development Authority (CDA), a public benefit corporation responsible for providing municipal services in Islamabad, has been targeting and demolishing illegal slums who are largely occupied by Christians in the city. The Supreme Court put on hold the demolitions and ordered from the CDA a written justification to it. The CDA's replied that "Most of these katchi abadies [slums] are under the occupation of the Christian community." "It seems this pace of occupation of land by Christian community may increase. Removal of katchi abadies is very urgent to provide [a] better environment to the citizen[s] of Islamabad and to protect the beauty of Islamabad ." Various human rights activists condemned the response.[4][32][33]

Muslim extremist violence against Christians

{{see also|Religious discrimination in Pakistan|Peshawar church attack|Lahore church bombings|List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001}}

Christians in Pakistan report being targeted by Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[34][35][36]

On August 9, 2002 gunmen threw grenades into a chapel on the grounds of the Taxila Christian Hospital in northern Punjab 15 miles west of Islamabad, killing four, including two nurses and a paramedic, and wounding 25 men and women.[37] On September 25, 2002, unidentified Muslim gunmen shot dead six people at a Christian charity in Karachi's central business district. They entered the third-floor offices of the Institute for Peace and Justice (IPJ) and shot their victims in the head. All of the victims were Pakistani Christians. Karachi police chief Tariq Jamil said the victims had their hands tied and their mouths had been covered with tape.[38] On December 25, 2002, several days after an Islamic cleric called for Muslims to kill Christians, two burqa-clad Muslim gunmen tossed a grenade into a Presbyterian church during a Christian sermon in Chianwala in east Pakistan, killing three girls.[39]

After the Karachi killings, Shahbaz Bhatti, the head of the All Pakistan Minority Alliance, told BBC News Online, "We have become increasingly victimised since the launch of the US-led international War on Terror. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the international community to ensure that the government protects us."[40]

In November 2005, 3,000 militant Islamists attacked Christians in Sangla Hill in Pakistan and destroyed Roman Catholic, Salvation Army and United Presbyterian churches. The attack was over allegations of violation of blasphemy laws by a Pakistani Christian named Yousaf Masih. The attacks were condemned by some political parties in Pakistan.[41] However, Pakistani Christians have expressed disappointment that they have not received justice. Samson Dilawar, a parish priest in Sangla Hill, said the police have not committed to trial any of those arrested for committing the assaults, and the Pakistani government did not inform the Christian community that a judicial inquiry was underway by a local judge. He said that Muslim clerics still "make hateful speeches about Christians" and "continue insulting Christians and our faith".[42]

In February 2006, churches and Christian schools were targeted in protests over publication of the Jyllands-Posten cartoons in Denmark, leaving two elderly women injured and many homes and much property destroyed. Some of the mobs were stopped by police, but not all.[43] On June 5, 2006, a Pakistani Christian stonemason named Nasir Ashraf was working near Lahore when he drank water from a public facility using a glass chained to the facility. He was immediately assaulted by Muslims for "polluting the glass". A mob gathered and beat Ashraf, calling him a "Christian dog". Bystanders encouraged the beating, saying it was a "good" deed that would help the attackers get into heaven. Ashraf was hospitalized.[44][45] In August 2006, a church and Christian homes were attacked in a village outside of Lahore in a land dispute. Three Christians were seriously injured and one reported missing after about 35 Muslims burned buildings, desecrated Bibles and attacked Christians.[46] Based, in part, on such incidents, Pakistan was recommended by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) in May 2006 to be designated as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC) by the Department of State.[46]

In July 2008, a mob stormed a Protestant church during a prayer service on the outskirts of Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, denouncing the Christians as "infidels" and injuring several, including a pastor.[47]

The 2009 Gojra riots was a series of violent pogroms against Christian minorities by Muslims.[48] In June 2009, International Christian Concern reported the rape and killing of a Christian man in Pakistan, for refusing to convert to Islam.[49]

In March 2011, Shahbaz Bhatti was killed by gunmen after he spoke out against Pakistan's blasphemy laws. The U.K. increased financial aid to the country, sparking criticism of British foreign secretary William Hague. Cardinal Keith O’Brien stated, "To increase aid to the Pakistan government when religious freedom is not upheld and those who speak up for religious freedom are gunned down is tantamount to an anti-Christian foreign policy."[50] The Catholic Church in Pakistan requested that Pope Benedict declare martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti.[51]

At least 20 people, including police officials, were wounded as 500 Muslim demonstrators attacked the Christian community in Gujranwala city on April 29, 2011, Minorities Concern of Pakistan has learnt.[52] During a press conference in Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, on May 30, 2011, Maulana Abdul Rauf Farooqi and other clerics of Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam quoted “immoral Biblical stories” and demanded to ban the Bible. Maulana Farooqi said, “Our lawyers are preparing to ask the court to ban the book.”[53]

On September 23, 2012, a mob of protesters in Mardan, angry at the anti Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, reportedly "set on fire the church, St Paul's high school, a library, a computer laboratory and houses of four clergymen, including Bishop Peter Majeed." and went on to rough up Zeeshan Chand, the pastor's son.[54][55] On October 12, 2012, Ryan Stanton, a Christian boy of 16 went into hiding after being accused of blasphemy and after his home was ransacked by a crowd. Stanton stated that he had been framed because he had rebuffed pressures to convert to Islam.[30][56]

In March 2013, Muslims attacked a Christian neighborhood in Lahore, where more than 100 houses were burned after a Christian was alleged to have made blasphemous remarks.[57] On September 22, 2013, 75 Christians were killed in a suicide attack at the historic All Saints Church in the old quarter of the regional capital, Peshawar.[58]

On February 14, 2014 Muslims stormed the Church building and attacked school property in Multan. They were led by Anwar Khushi, a Muslim gangster who struck a deal with the local people's spokesperson. They seized the Church property and displaced the people and deprived them of their building.

On 15 March 2015, two blasts took place at a Roman Catholic Church and a Christ Church during Sunday service at Youhanabad town of Lahore.[59] At least 15 people were killed and seventy were wounded in the attacks.[60][61]

On March 27, 2016, at least 70 were killed and over 340 wounded when a suicide bomber targeting Christians celebrating Easter attacked a playground in Lahore. The Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility for the bombing.[19][62][63][64][65]

On December 17, 2017, a bomb killed nine and injured fifty-seven.[66] The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant took responsibility.[67]

Statistics

Apart from Catholics, Christians of other denominations re-organized themselves, in India, into the Churches of North and South India respectively, and as the Church of Pakistan in 1970. Politically, groups like the Pakistan Christian Congress have arisen. The New Apostolic Church also has followers in Pakistan.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reports over 4,000 members in 13 congregations throughout Pakistan. LDS members are most prevalent in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi.[68]

By Province

ProvinceChristians (in 1998)[69]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0.21% 36,668
Federally Administered Tribal Areas 0.07% 2,306
Punjab 2.31% 1,699,843
Sindh 0.97% 294,885
Balochistan 0.4% 31,200
Islamabad Capital Territory 4.07% 32,738

Notable Christians

{{Refimprove section|date=August 2016}}

Christians in Pakistani military services

The Christians in Pakistan have long been active in various fields of public service. Many Christians have served in the Pakistan Armed Forces, civilian services and other organizations. Some have received high civilian and military awards.

Pakistan Air Force[70]

  • Air Vice Marshal Eric Gordon Hall (1947-1977)
  • Air Vice Marshal Michael John O'Brian
  • Air Commodore Patrick Desmond Callaghan (1945-1971)
  • Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry
  • Air Commodore Nazir Latif
  • Wing Commander Mervyn L. Middlecoat
  • Squadron Leader Peter Christy
  • Flight Lieutenant William D. Harney[71]

Pakistan Army

  • Major General Julian Peter
  • Major General Noel Israel Khokhar
  • Brigadier Samson Simon Sharaf
  • Brigadier Mervyn Cardoza
  • Brigadier Daniel Austin
  • Brigadier Nayer Fardows
  • Major Joseph P. G Sharaf (Balouch Regiment)

Pakistan Navy

  • Rear-Admiral Leslie Mungavin

Religious Ministers

  • Victor Azariah (Executive Secretary of the National Council of Churches of Pakistan)[72]
  • Rt. Rev. Samuel Robert Azariah (Moderator of the Church of Pakistan and Bishop in Raiwind)[73]
  • Bishop Andrew Francis, former Bishop of Multan in Pakistan
  • Francis Nadeem, awarded Tamgha-e-Imtiaz for Public Service.[74]
  • Anthony Theodore Lobo, awarded the Presidential Pride of Performance Award in 1990 for services to the cause of literature and education.[75]

Civil services and police

  • Manuel Misquita, former mayor of Karachi.[76]
  • Dr Dilshad Najmuddin ex IG Police and former ambassador
  • Cincinnatus Fabian D'Abreo, administrator and politician
  • Shahbaz Bhatti, member of the National Assembly and a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)[77] and Federal Minister for Minorities Affairs from 2008 - 2011.[78]
  • Kamran Michael, senator who served as Minister for Statistics and a member of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N)

Education

  • Oswald Bruno Nazareth, high school teacher for 50 years.
  • Mary Emily Gonsalves, awarded the Sitara-e-Imtiaz in recognition of her services to education.[79]
  • Yolande Henderson, veteran high school teacher.[80]
  • Norma Fernandes, teacher awarded the Tamgha-i-Imtiaz for her services to education.[81]
  • Bernadette Louise Dean, academic and educator.
  • Audrey Juma, director of the Notre Dame Institute of Education in Karachi
  • Anthony D"Silva Executive Director Catholic Board of Education Karachi.[82]
  • Jacqueline Maria Dias, professor of nursing at the Aga Khan University.
  • Riffat Arif, teacher, women’s activist and philanthropist from Gujranwala.[83]

Entertainment

  • Alycia Dias, Playback singer.
  • Azekah Daniel, Actress.[84]
  • Benita David, Actress and model.[85]
  • Bohemia, Rapper.
  • Nirmal Roy, Musician and singer from Lahore.[86]
  • Sunita Marshall, Actress and model.
  • Yashma Gill, Actress.[87]

Sports

  • Jack Britto, Olympic field hockey player.
  • Jacob Harris, first class cricketer and sports coach from Karachi
  • John Permal, 1964-74 the fastest human in Pakistan.
  • Ian Fyfe, cricketer, coach and a sports journalist from Karachi.[88]
  • Sidra Sadaf, woman cyclist who won a silver medal at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh in January 2010.
  • Shazia Hidayat, track and field athlete. She was the only female athlete on the Pakistan team competing at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia.[89]

Other

  • Nasir Francis (A Young Politician from small town of Karachi Pakistan)(from 2015 to present he is serving city railway colony Karachi)
  • Dewan Buhadar S. P. Singha, (First speaker of the West Punjab Legislative Assembly after 1947)[90]
  • Jerome D'Silva, businessman from Karachi.[91]
  • Sunny Benjamin John, singer from Karachi.[92]
  • Quentin D’Silva, former Chairman & Chief Executive of Shell Pakistan Limited.[93]
  • Asher John, senior journalist and former chief news editor of the daily Pakistan Today and former editor quality Daily Times.[94]
  • Cyril Almeida, journalist and an assistant editor for the daily newspaper Dawn.[95]
  • Christopher Sharaf - Christian Study Centre - Rawalpindi
  • Stephan Andrew, Senior Photojournalist, Photo Editor for White Star @ Dawn Group of Newspapers.

Literature

There is some literature available on issues related to Pakistani Christians. Despite the security concerns and dangers which authors can face for addressing sensitive issues, writers from different religious backgrounds have written about Christianity in the country. Below you will find an incomplete list of books from different genres featuring Christians in Pakistan.

  • G. M. Felix, Urdu language poet and writer.
  • Kanwal Feroze, scholar, poet, writer and journalist.
  • Adeerus Ghayan wrote the novel Fire of Love, which specifically deals with Muslim-Christian tensions.
  • Mohammed Hanif wrote the novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti about a Christian nurse in Karachi.
  • Omer Shahid Hamid wrote the novel The Prisoner, which tells the story of a Christian police officer in Karachi.
  • Late Begum Bilquis Sheikh was an aristocratic Pakistani lady who converted from Islam to Christianity and wrote her famous memoirs about this.
  • Omer Tarin, famous Pakistani poet, scholar and mystic, has written several poems which focus on the personality and teaching of Jesus Christ and has also written articles about the history of Christianity in Northern Pakistan since British times.
  • Dr. Nabeel Qureshi a former Ahmadi who converted to Christianity, wrote three books. Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity, Answering Jihad: A Better Way Forward and No God BUT One: Allah or Jesus.

See also

{{Christianity by country}}{{Portal|Pakistan|Christianity}}
  • 2009 Gojra riots
  • Christianity in Bangladesh
  • Christianity in India
  • Christianity in Sri Lanka
  • Churches in Pakistan
  • Church of North India
  • Demographics of Pakistan
  • Persecution of Christians in Pakistan[96]
  • Religion in Pakistan

References

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Further reading

  • {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OV9CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Urdu version of the Book of Common Prayer, and administration of the sacraments and other rites and ceremonies of the church, according to the use of the Church of England: together with the Psalter or Psalms of David ... and the form and manner of making, ordaining, and consecrating of bishops ...|author=Church of England|editor=|year=1908|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|edition=|location=|isbn=|page=274|volume=|accessdate=2011-07-06}}

External links

{{commons category}}
  • British Pakistani Christian Association
  • Pakistan Christians demand help
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130429021827/http://www.opendoorsusa.org/searchresults?q=pakistan Open Doors USA's information about Pakistan]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130429021827/http://www.opendoorsusa.org/searchresults?q=pakistan Open Doors USA's information about Pakistan]
  • World Watch List - Pakistan
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130129003340/http://www.christiannewspk.com/ Pakistan Christian News - Christians in Pakistan]
  • Centre for legal aid assistance and settlement
  • Forced conversions in Pakistan: A dark reality
{{Asia in topic|Christianity in}}{{Religion in Pakistan}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Christianity In Pakistan}}

2 : Christianity in Pakistan|History of Christianity in Pakistan
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