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词条 Chuj language
释义

  1. Phonology

     Phonemic Inventory  Orthography [6][7] 

  2. Grammar

     Verb stem morphology[8]  Non-verbal predicates  Person-markers  Tense-Aspect  Nominal classifiers  Numbers 1 through 10 in Chuj  A tongue twister in Chuj from San Sebastián Coatán 

  3. Notes

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Infobox language
| name = Chuj
| pronunciation = {{IPA-myn|tʃuːx|}}
| states = Guatemala, Mexico
| region = Northern Huehuetenango, Chiapas
| ethnicity = Chuj
| speakers = 61,630
| date = 2003-2011
| ref = e19
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = Mayan
| fam2 = Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
| fam3 = Chujean
| minority = {{flag|Guatemala}}
| iso3 = cac
| glotto = chuj1250
| glottorefname = Chuj
}}Chuj is a Mayan language spoken by around 40,000 members of the Chuj people in Guatemala and around 3,000 members in Mexico. Chuj is a member of the Qʼanjobʼalan branch along with the languages of Tojolabʼal, Qʼanjobʼal, Akateko, Poptiʼ, and Mochoʼ which, together with the Chʼolan branch, Chuj forms the Western branch of the Mayan family. The Chujean branch emerged approximately 2,000 years ago.[1] In Guatemala, Chuj speakers mainly reside in the municipalities of San Mateo Ixtatán, San Sebastián Coatán and Nentón in the Huehuetenango Department. Some communities in Barillas and Ixcán also speak Chuj. The two main dialects of Chuj are the San Mateo Ixtatán dialect and the San Sebastián Coatán dialect.[2]

The Chuj language has been influenced by Spanish, and Chuj speakers have a tendency to borrow Spanish words or code-mix. It is estimated that 70% of the Chuj language is purely Chuj.[3] There are language conservation and revitalization efforts taking place in San Mateo Ixtatán, through groups like the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.[4]

Phonology

Phonemic Inventory

[5]
Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Highi}}u}}
Mide}}o}}
Lowa}}
Consonants
BilabialAlveolarPalatalVelar UvularGlottal
Plain Implosive Plain Ejective Plain Ejective Plain Ejective Plain
Stopp}}bʼ {{IPA>[ɓ]}}t}}tʼ}}k}}kʼ}}ʼ [ʔ]
Fricatives}}x {{IPA>[ʃ]}}j {{IPA>[χ]}}
Affricatetz {{IPA>[t͡s]}}tzʼ {{IPA>[t͡sʼ]}}ch {{IPA>[t͡ʃ]}}chʼ {{IPA>[t͡ʃʼ]}}
Nasalm}}n}}nh {{IPA>[ŋ]}}
Approximantl}}
Trillr

Orthography [6][7]

OrthographyIPAExampleTranslation
a/a/}} atzʼamsalt
bʼ/ɓ/}} bʼeyito walk
ch/t͡ʃ/}} chichrabbit
chʼ/t͡ʃʼ/}} chʼalthread
e/e/}} ewiyesterday
i/i/}} ixwoman
j/χ/}} junone
k/k/}} kukayfirefly
kʼ/kʼ/}} kʼatzitzfirewood
l/l/}} lolonelword
m/m/}} muchbird
n/n/}} nun parent
nh/ŋ/}} nhabʼ rain
o/o/}} okʼfoot
p/p/}} pathouse
r/r/}} retetwoodpecker
s/s/}} sakwhite
t/t/}} tut beans
tʼ/tʼ/}} tʼoysoft
tz/t͡s/}} tzatzhard
tzʼ/t͡sʼ/}} tzʼiʼdog
u/u/}} uninchild
w/v/}} winak man
x/ʃ/}} xanhapshoe
y/j/}} yaxgreen
ʼ/ʔ/}}ʼonhavocado

The letter 'h' is conventionally used in words with initial vowels to distinguish them from words that begin with a glottal stop.

Grammar

Verb stem morphology[8]

Below is a template for the verbal stem in Chuj. Verbal predicates in Chuj appear with a status suffix: -a with transitive verbs and –i with intransitive verbs. Finite clauses inflect for Tense-Aspect, person, and number.

Verb structure
Tense/aspect/moodAbsolutive markerErgative markerVerb rootStatus suffix
tz-ach-in-chel-aʼ
Imperfective2nd person sg. absolutive1st person sg. ergativehugtransitive
tzachinchela 'I am hugging you.'

Non-verbal predicates

Non-verbal predicates are non-verbal words like adjectives, nouns, positionals, or directionals that act as the main predicate and are semantically stative. These constructions do not inflect for Tense-Aspect, but do inflect for person and number.[9] There is no overt copula in Chuj and copula constructions are expressed through non-verbal predicates.

Chuj: a ix Malin kʼaybʼum ix.


Gloss: top/foc CL Maria teacher CL


English: Maria is a teacher.

Chuj: Ay ix hin-nun niwakil ix.


Gloss: top/foc CL my-mother large CL


English: My mother is large.

Person-markers

Chuj is an ergative-absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are both cross-referenced with an absolutive marker, which appears in the verbal stem. The subject of a transitive verb is cross-referenced with an ergative marker in the verbal stem.

Person markers [10]
Ergative markerAbsolutive marker
Pre-consonantal Pre-vocalic Pre-consonantal/Pre-vocalic
1 Person Sghin-w-hin-
2 Person Sgha-h-hach-
3 Person Sgs-y-Ø
1 Person Plko-k-honh-
2 Person Plhe-hey-hex-
3 Person Pls-... hebʼy-... hebʼhebʼ

Tense-Aspect

Chuj has four attested Tense-Aspect markers.[7][10] Finite clauses inflect obligatorily for Tense-Aspect.

Tense-Aspect markers[5]
MarkerMeaning
tz-imperfective
ix-perfective
lanprogressive
ol-prospective

Nominal classifiers

Chuj nominal classifiers represent a closed class of approximately a dozen words. They specify gender for humans, and the base material for objects, such as wood (teʼ) for houses and metal (kʼen) for knives.

Nominal classifiers [5][7]
ClassifierDomain
aʼwater
anhplant [grow from ground]
atzʼamsalt
chanhvine
ixfemale
iximgrain
kʼakcloth
kʼenmetal
lumearth
nokʼanimal
teʼwood
wajmale name
winhmale

Chuj nominal classifiers have two main functions: they act as articles for referential nouns, and as pronouns. They have a lexical origin, but have undergone semantic bleaching and may therefore refer to a larger semantic field than the nominals that they are derived from.

Articles for referential nounsChuj: Hebʼ winh unin ix-s-loʼ [teʼ manzan] hebʼ winh.


Gloss: Pl cl.masc child prfv-a3s-eat cl.wood apple pl cl.masc


English: As for the boys, they ate the apple.

PronounsChuj: Ol-s-lo teʼ ix.


Gloss: Prosp-b3s-a3s-eat cl.wood cl.fem


English: She (Elsa) will eat it (the apple).

Numbers 1 through 10 in Chuj

San Mateo Ixtatán / San Sebastián Coatán
  1. Juʼun / Jun&91;11&93;
  2. Chaʼabʼ / Chaʼabʼ/chabʼ
  3. Oxeʼ / Oxeʼ
  4. Chanheʼ / Chanheʼ
  5. Hoyeʼ / Oʼeʼ
  6. Wakeʼ / Wakeʼ
  7. Hukeʼ / Hukeʼ
  8. Wajxakeʼ / Wajxkeʼ
  9. Bʼalunheʼ / Bʼalnheʼ
  10. Lajunheʼ / Lajnheʼ

A tongue twister in Chuj from San Sebastián Coatán

Nokʼ Xankatat yetʼ nokʼxeʼen[12]Xenhxni xekxni xanhxni hinbʼeyi

Xankatak xanhbʼ wekʼ a stixalu

Xchi nokʼ xankat a nokʼ xeʼen,

Xwila xwabi, xelabʼa to ojinwekla,

to jinxekla manhx ojinwekla.

Notes

1. ^Stzolalil Stzʼibʼchaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p.34
2. ^{{cite book| author = Robertson, John S. |title = A history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex |year= 1992 |publisher = University of Texas press |location = Austin, Texas}}
3. ^Yumal Skuychaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2006, p.234
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.almg.org.gt/portal/index.php?id=40&idioma=1 |title= Comunidad Lingüística Chuj -Historia |accessdate=2009-01-20 |publisher=Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala |year=}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Buenrostro, Cristina |title= Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán. |year=2009|publisher=El Colegio de México|location=Mexico City}}
6. ^Stzolalil Sloloni-Spaxtini Hebʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p. 66
7. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Hopkins, Nicholas A. |title= A dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) language. |year=2012|publisher=Jaguar Tours|location=Florida}}
8. ^{{cite journal |author= Grinevald, Collette |author2=Peake, Marc|year=2012 |title= Ergativity and voice in Mayan: A functional-typological approach |editor = Giles Authier |editor2 = Kathleen Haude |journal=Ergativity, valency, and voice| pages=15–29}}
9. ^{{cite journal | author =Mateo-Toledo, Bʼalam Eladio | title= The finiteness of nonverbal predicates in Qʼanjobʼal (Maya). |journal=New Perspectives in Mayan Linguistics |pages= 162–168}}
10. ^1 {{cite book |author=Domingo Pascual, Pascual Martín |title= Gramática normativa Chuj. |year=2007|publisher=ALMG|location=Guatemala City}}
11. ^Stzolalil Sloloni-Spaxtini Hebʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p. 145
12. ^Yumal Skuychaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2006, p.197

References

{{cite book |author=Buenrostro, Cristina |title= Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán. |year=2009|publisher=El Colegio de México|location=Mexico City}}

{{cite book |author=Domingo Pascual, Pascual Martín |title= Gramática normativa Chuj. |year=2007|publisher=ALMG|location=Guatemala City}}

{{cite journal |author= Grinevald, Collette |author2=Peake, Marc|year=2012 |title= Ergativity and voice in Mayan: A functional-typological approach |editor = Giles Authier |editor2 = Kathleen Haude |journal= Ergativity, valency, and voice| pages=15–29}}

{{cite book |author=Hopkins, Nicholas A. |title= A dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) language. |year=2012|publisher=Jaguar Tours|location=Florida}}

{{cite journal | author =Mateo-Toledo, Bʼalam Eladio | title= The finiteness of nonverbal predicates in Qʼanjobʼal (Maya). |journal=New Perspectives in Mayan Linguistics |pages= 162–168}}

{{cite book| author = Robertson, John S. |title = A history of tense/aspect/mood/voice in the Mayan verbal complex |year= 1992 |publisher = University of Texas press |location = Austin, Texas}}

External links

  • Academia de las Lenguas Mayas{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{incubator|code=cac}}{{Languages of Guatemala}}{{Languages of Mexico}}{{Mayan languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chuj Language}}

8 : Mayan languages|Agglutinative languages|Indigenous languages of Central America|Indigenous languages of Mexico|Languages of Guatemala|Huehuetenango Department|Mesoamerican languages|Verb–object–subject languages
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