“Businessperson”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is a person involved in the business sector – in particular someone undertaking activities (commercial or industrial) for the purpose of generating cash flow, sales, and revenue utilizing a combination of human, financial, intellectual and physical capital with a view to fuelling economic development and growth.^[1]

The term "businessperson" may refer to a founder, owner, or majority shareholder of a commercial enterprise; or it can characterize a high-level executive who does the everyday running and management of a company even if that executive is not the owner.^[2]

The term may sometimes refer to someone who is involved in an upper-level management role in a corporation, company, enterprise, firm, organization, or agency.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

History

Prehistoric period: Traders

Since a "businessman" can mean anyone in industry or commerce,^[3] businessmen have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. "Commerce" can simply mean "trade", and trade has existed through all of recorded history. The first businessmen in human history were traders or merchants.

Medieval period: Rise of the merchant class

Merchants emerged as a "class" in medieval Italy. Between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw "the first true bankers", who are certainly businessmen.^[4]

Around the same time, Europe saw the "emergence of rich merchants."^[5] This "rise of the merchant class" came as Europe "needed a middleman" for the first time, and these "burghers" or "bourgeois" were the people who played this role.^[6]

Renaissance to Enlightenment: Rise of the capitalist

Europe became the dominant global commercial power in the 16th century, and as Europeans developed new tools for business, new types of business people began to use those tools. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, cheques, and joint-stock companies (and their shares of stock).^[7] Developments in actuarial science led to insurance.^[8] Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessman, the capitalist. These people owned or financed businesses as bankers, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a major force in the Industrial Revolution...

Modern period: Rise of the manager

The newest kind of businessperson is the manager. One of the first true managers was Robert Owen (1771–1858), an industrialist in Scotland.^[9] He studied the "problems of productivity and motivation", and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, who was the first person who studied work.^[10] After World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration (management).^[11]

Salary

Salaries for businesspeople vary.^[12]^[13] The salaries of the top chief executive officers can be millions of dollars per year. For example, the head of Discovery Inc., David M. Zaslav, made $156 million in 2014.^[14] The high salaries which executives earn have often been a source of criticism from many who believe they are paid excessively.^[15]

Business guru

Some leading business theorists look to leaders in academic research on business or to successful business leaders for guidance. Collectively, these people are called "business gurus."

See also

References

1. ^Compare:{{cite web |url= http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |title= businessman |year= 2018 |publisher= WebFinance Inc. |access-date= 2018-07-06 |quote= businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term is often replaced with "businessperson". The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}
2. ^Compare: {{cite web | url= http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/businessman.htm | title = BUSINESSMAN | publisher = Audioenglish | accessdate = 2016-08-27 | quote = The noun BUSINESSMAN has 1 sense: 1. a person engaged in commercial or industrial business (especially an owner or executive) }}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/businessman.htm | title=BUSINESSMAN | publisher=Audioenglish | accessdate=25 August 2014}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.M.|title=The Penguin History of the World, Sixth Edition|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|pages=506}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.M.|title=The Penguin History of the World, Sixth Edition|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|pages=509}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.M.|title=The Penguin History of the World, Sixth Edition|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|pages=510}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.M.|title=The Penguin History of the World, Sixth Edition|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|pages=558}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=J.M.|title=The Penguin History of the World, Sixth Edition|year=2013|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|pages=559}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Drucker|first=Peter|title=Management, Revised Edition|year=2008|publisher=Collins Business|location=New York|pages=13}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Drucker|first=Peter|title=Management, Revised Edition|year=2008|publisher=Collins Business|location=New York|pages=14}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Drucker|first=Peter|title=Management, Revised Edition|year=2008|publisher=Collins Business|location=New York|pages=15–16}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |title=Business and Financial Occupations |author= |website=Bureau of Labor and Statistics |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|access-date=2015-09-18 |quote=}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |title=Management Occupations |author= |website=Bureau of Labor and Statistics |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|access-date=2015-09-18 |quote=}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aflcio.org/Corporate-Watch/Paywatch-2014/100-Highest-Paid-CEOs |title=100 Highest Paid CEOs |author= |website=AFL-CIO |publisher= AFL-CIO |access-date=2015-09-18 |quote=}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |author=Gretchen Gavett |website=Harvard Business Review |publisher=Harvard Business Review |access-date=2015-09-18 |quote=}}