| 词条 | Cibotium menziesii |
| 释义 |
| name = Hāpu{{okina}}u {{okina}}i{{okina}}i | image = Starr_040713-0079_Cibotium_menziesii.jpg | image_caption = | genus = Cibotium | species = menziesii | authority = Hook. & Arn., 1844[1] | synonyms = }}Cibotium menziesii, the hāpu{{okina}}u {{okina}}i{{okina}}i or Hawaiian tree fern,[2] is a species of tree fern that is endemic to the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i. It is named after the Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies. It is also known as the male tree fern, and Cibotium glaucum is deemed the female tree fern due to differences in color.[3] BiologyHāpu{{okina}}u {{okina}}i{{okina}}i can grow up to {{convert|35|ft|m}} tall but are usually {{convert|7|to|25|ft|m}} in height with a diameter of nearly {{convert|3|ft|m}}, making it Hawai{{okina}}i's largest tree fern.[2] The trunk is made of stiff hard fibres surrounding a starchy pith in the centre.[3] The green fronds have yellow midribs and are paler on the underside. They grow to as long as {{convert|12|ft|m}}.[2] Stems are covered in red or black bristles.[3] The fronds are singularly divided but divide at the end where the spores form.[2]ReproductionThis species reproduces through the use of spores, which form at and are released from the end of the fronds. For domestic and commercial reproduction, spores are collected from the lower fronds of the plant, which are heated, treated with water and kept refrigerated. The side shoots off the main trunk are also viable but need to be cut close to the trunk.[2] HabitatCibotium menziesii is endemic to the windward portions of the main Hawaiian islands. It is found in rainforests at elevations of {{convert|305|to|1830|m|ft}}.[4] They can grown on the ground or on trees as an epiphyte.[3] Despite its origin, it is very adaptable and can withstand long cool winters; even without fronds, little heat is needed to stimulate new growth.[5] Due to the effects of invasive species, especially feral pigs, and commercial harvesting, populations of this species are currently in decline.[3]UsesFoodThe starchy core of the trunk can be cooked (often stewed) and eaten; it was a staple food during times of famine. This part of the trunk is an important food source for feral pigs.[4] MedicineThe pith of the hāpu{{okina}}u {{okina}}i{{okina}}i is combined with {{okina}}olena (Curcuma longa) roots, pawale (Rumex giganteus), and {{okina}}okolehao liquor to create a 'blood purifier'. A treatment for chest pain is prepared from hāpu{{okina}}u {{okina}}i{{okina}}i and {{okina}}ama{{okina}}uma{{okina}}u (Sadleria cyatheoides) piths, kukui (Aleurites moluccana) bark, {{okina}}ohi{{okina}}a {{okina}}ai (Syzygium malaccense) bark, {{okina}}ahakea (Bobea spp.) bark, {{okina}}uhaloa (Waltheria indica) root bark, popolo (Solanum americanum), {{okina}}auko{{okina}}i (Senna occidentalis), noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit, and ko kea (Saccharum officinarum). Heated fibres from the fronds are used to cure numerous bodily ailments such as muscle pain and joint stiffness.[4] Other usesThe pulu (frond fibres) are used to absorb bodily fluid from corpses in preparation for traditional burials. These same fibres are also used in handcrafted pillows that are sold as souvenirs on the islands. The trunk was hollowed out by Native Hawaiians and used as a planter for uhi (Dioscorea alata),[4] and this practice continues.[3] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~bj/fern/cibotium.htm |first=Michael |last=Hassler |author2=Brian Swale |title=Family Dicksoniaceae, genus Cibotium; world species list |publisher=Checklist of World Ferns |accessdate=2007-07-13}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | publisher=Hawai'i Department of Education |title=Cibotium menziesii |work=Native Plant Propagation Database |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/cib-menz.htm |accessdate=2007-07-13}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|publisher=Panʻewa Rainforest Zoo and Gardens |title=Hawaiian Tree Ferns |url=http://www.hilozoo.com/plants/PO_tfern.htm |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706105904/http://www.hilozoo.com/plants/PO_tfern.htm |archivedate=2007-07-06 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |title=Cibotium (C. glaucum, C. menziesii) |url=http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=hapuu|accessdate=2014-06-12}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/bc/eucalyptus/treeferns/menziesii.html |title=Cibotium menziesii |publisher=The Hardy Eucalyptus and Ferns Page |accessdate=2007-07-13}} External links
4 : Cibotium|Endemic flora of Hawaii|Native ferns of Hawaii|Epiphytes |
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