| 词条 | Cicuta maculata |
| 释义 |
|image = Cicuta maculata.jpg |genus = Cicuta |species = maculata |authority = L. |synonyms = Cicuta bolanderi Cicuta curtissii Cicuta mexicana Cicuta occidentalis |synonyms_ref =[1] }} Cicuta maculata is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by several common names, including spotted water hemlock, spotted parsley, spotted cowbane, and the suicide root by the Iroquois. It is native to nearly all of North America, from northern Canada to southern Mexico. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing a hollow erect stem to a maximum height between {{convert|1|and|1.5|m|ftin|0}}. The long leaves are made up of several lance-shaped, pointed, serrated leaflets. Each shiny green leaflet is {{convert|2|to|10|cm|in|0}} long and the entire leaf may be up to {{convert|40|cm|in|0}} long. The inflorescence of white flowers is similar in appearance to many other species in the carrot family. It is a compound umbel with many clusters of flowers. The dry tan-brown fruit is a few millimeters long. Toxicity{{main|Cicuta toxicity}}The plant is occasionally mistaken for parsnips, due to its clusters of white tuberous roots; this is an often fatal error, as the Cicuta is extremely poisonous. Indeed, spotted water hemlock is considered to be North America's most toxic plant.[2][3] Cicuta is fatal when swallowed, causing violent and painful convulsions. Though a number of people have died from water hemlock poisoning over the centuries, livestock have long been the worst affected (hence the name "cowbane"), causing death in as little as 15 minutes.[4][5] The chief poison is cicutoxin, an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol that is most concentrated in the roots. Upon human consumption, nausea, vomiting, and tremors occur within 30–60 minutes, followed by severe cramps, projectile vomiting, and convulsions. There are occasional long-term effects, like retrograde amnesia.[6] Ingestion of water hemlock in any quantity can result in death or permanent damage to the central nervous system. See also
References1. ^{{GRIN | accessdate = 12 January 2018}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Becket G, Beasley DM |title=Poisoning due to water hemlock |journal=Clin Toxicol |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=270–8 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19514873 |doi=10.1080/15563650902904332}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9996|title=ARS :|website=usda.gov}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/ppwater.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-07-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912225655/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/ppwater.htm |archivedate=2007-09-12 |df= }} 5. ^USDA. 6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Costanza | first1 = David J. | last2 = Hoversten | first2 = Vincent W. | year = 1973| title = Accidental Ingestion of Water Hemlock | url = | journal = Calif Med | volume = 119 | issue = 2| pages = 78–82 |pmc=1455113| pmid = 4726956 }} External links{{commonscat}}
5 : Apiaceae|Poisonous Apiaceae|Flora of North America|Plants described in 1753|Poisonous plants |
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