词条 | Citizens Commission of Inquiry |
释义 |
The National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam was founded in New York by Ralph Schoenman in November 1969 to document American atrocities throughout Indochina. The formation of the organization was prompted by the disclosure of the My Lai Massacre on November 12, 1969 by Seymour Hersh, writing for the New York Times.[1] The group was the first to bring to public attention the testimony of American Vietnam War veterans who had witnessed or participated in atrocities. OriginsSchoenman had previously worked on the International War Crimes Tribunal founded by Bertrand Russell.[2] Schoenman left the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam in the hands of two New Left anti-war activists, Tod Ensign and Jeremy Rifkin.[2] They were joined in early 1970 by several Vietnam War veterans, including Robert Bowie Johnson, a West Point graduate and former infantry captain, and Michael Uhl, a retired 1st lieutenant in military intelligence.[3] American Vietnam War Veterans and GIs Offer Personal Witness to War CrimesOverviewThe National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam's first press conference was in Toronto, Canada, March 4, 1970. Ensign and Rifkin convened three more press conferences in the following two months: Springfield, Massachusetts (April 6, 1970); New York City, New York and Los Angeles, California (April 14); and Boston, Massachusetts (May 7, 1970). Uhl then traveled to Sweden and Australia to brief reporters that American Vietnam war veterans had first-hand evidence of atrocities they had either witnessed or committed themselves. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam continued to mount press conferences in other cities, culminating in a three-day National Veterans Inquiry, held in Washington, D.C. on December 1, 2 and 3.[4] The testimony offered by veterans at these events provided documentation that American atrocities in Vietnam were not uncommon. This evidence was a counterpoint to the U.S. Army command's assertion that the My Lai Massacre was an exception. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam leaders asserted that atrocities committed by American soldiers were a result of military field policies like "search-and-destroy," "free-fire zones" and "forced urbanization," the saturation bombing of villages believed to be controlled by enemy forces.[5][6] Major Events When American Veterans or GIs Offered Testimony About War Crimes in Vietnam
Impact and LegacyTelford Taylor, former chief U.S. prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials stated on the Dick Cavett Show that General William Westmoreland might be convicted as a war criminal if Nuremberg principles from World War II were applied to the Vietnam War. Taylor, himself a retired brigadier general in the Army Reserve, explained that the U.S. Army applied this standard of justice in the trial of Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Yamashita was convicted of war crimes and hanged for atrocities committed by his troops in the Philippines. Taylor attributed his opinion to the evidence of atrocities and war crimes offered by veterans and active-duty soldiers, who were testifying under the auspices of the Citizens Commission of Inquiry.[16]The Concerned Officers Movement (COM) held two press conferences under the auspices of the Citizens Commission of Inquiry on January 12, 1971 in Washington, D.C. and January 20, 1971 in Los Angeles calling for an investigation into the "responsibility for war crimes of key military figures", including Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, and Admiral Elmo Zumwalt. The Washington, D.C. COM members involved were CAPT Robert Master, USA and CAPT Grier Merwin, USA, both doctors; Capt. Edward G. Fox, a zoologist in the Army Medical Service Corps; First Lieutenant Louis Font, a West Point graduate; and LTJG Peter Dunkelberger, USN, a management systems analyst stationed at the Pentagon.[17] In Los Angeles were LT Norman Banks, USAF, LTJG Ted Shallcross, USN, LT James Skelly, USN, and LTJG John Kent, USN, an Annapolis graduate, all-American wrestler and jet fighter pilot.[18][19][20] The Winter Soldier Investigation, which ran from January 31, 1971 to February 2, 1971, followed in the paths of both the Citizens Commission of Inquiry and the Russell Tribunal. This event was organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War, and some of its leaders have credited the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam with establishing the credibility of veterans' voices of dissent. Internal divisions between the two groups led each to work independently of the other.[21] The Citizens Commission of Inquiry disbanded in December 1971. See also
Further reading
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Bilton|first1=Michael|last2=Sim|first2=Kevin|title=Four Hours in My Lai|date=1992|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0140177094}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|title=Peace Group to Set Up Panels on Atrocity Charges|url= http://nyti.ms/1IyOTq9|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=29 January 1969}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Uhl|first1=Michael|title=That's Vietnam, Jake|journal=The Nation|issue=9 July 2001|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/thats-vietnam-jake|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Uhl|first1=Michael|title=Vietnam Awakening|date=2007|publisher=McFarland and Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-0-7864-3074-1|page=130}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=They'd Probe Pentagon on 'Atrocities'|publisher=New York Daily News|date=14 April 1970}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=James|title=War Atrocities Termed Common Place|publisher=Oregon Journal|date=28 October 1970}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=U.S. Army Veteran Alleges Vietnamese Civilians Slain|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu6.html|publisher=Springfield Union|date=7 April 1970}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Crockett|first1=Douglas|title=Two Ex-Gis Say Troops Torture Prisoners in Vietnam|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu8.html|accessdate=10 June 2015|publisher=Boston Globe|date=6 May 1970}} 9. ^{{cite news|last1=Greider|first1=William|title=Ex-GIs Tell of Torturing Prisoners|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu11.html|accessdate=11 June 2015|publisher=Washington Post|date=19 July 1970}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=James|title=War Atrocities Termed Commonplace|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu13.html|accessdate=11 June 2015|publisher=Oregon Journal|date=28 October 1970}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Maynard|first1=Robert|title=War Foes Blame U.S. Commanders for Viet Atrocities|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu15.html|accessdate=11 June 2015|publisher=Washington Post|date=24 November 1970}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Uhl|first1=Michael|title=Vietnam Awakening|date=2007|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-0-7864-3074-1|pages=171–179}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Yanks Tortured Red Prisoners, Two GIs Testify|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu18.html|accessdate=12 June 2015|agency=United Press International|publisher=Chicago Daily News|date=3 December 1970}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=War Veterans At Inquiry Feel 'Atrocities' Are Result of Policy|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/12/04/355155762.pdf|accessdate=12 June 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=4 December 1970}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Uhl|first1=Michael|title=HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-SECOND CONGRESS FIRST SESSION|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/testimony2.html|website=Veteran Scholar|publisher=Government Printing Office|accessdate=10 June 2015|date=2 August 1971}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Sheehan|first1=Neil|title=Taylor Says by Nuremberg Rules Westmoreland May Be Guilty|url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu20.html|accessdate=10 June 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=9 January 1971|page=1}} 17. ^{{cite news |last=Sheehan |first=Neil |date=1971-01-13 |title=Five Officers Say They Seek Formal War Crimes Inquiries |url=http://www.veteranscholar.com/docu21.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-06-09}} 18. ^{{cite news |date=1971-01-21 |title=4 More Officers Seek U.S. War Crimes Inquiry |work=The New York Times }} 19. ^{{cite news |date=1971-01-21 |title=Military Leader Inquiry Is Urged |work=Independent Press-Telegram }} 20. ^{{cite book |last=Cortright |first=David |date=2005 |title=Soldiers In Revolt |url=https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/826-soldiers-in-revolt |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=Haymarket Books |page=110 |isbn=1931859272 |author-link=David Cortright}} 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Uhl|first1=Michael|title=Vietnam Awakening|date=2007|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-0-7864-3074-1|page=164}} 2 : Anti–Vietnam War groups|War crimes in Vietnam |
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