| 词条 | Clachan |
| 释义 |
A clachan ({{lang-ga|clochán}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈkl̪ˠoxaːnˠ|pron}}, or {{lang|ga|clachan}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈkl̪ˠaxənˠ|pron}}; {{lang-gd|clachan}}, {{IPA-gd|ˈkʰl̪ˠaxan|}}; {{lang-gv|claghan}}, {{IPA-gv|ˈkʰlaxan|pron}}) is a small settlement or hamlet in Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland[1]. Though many were originally kirktowns,[2][3] today they are often thought of as small villages lacking a church, post office, or other formal building. It is likely that many date to medieval times or earlier – a cluster of small single-storey cottages of farmers and/or fishermen, invariably found on poorer land. They were often related to the rundale system of farming. According to David Lloyd, the Great Famine in Ireland (1845–49) caused such disruption to the social system that the clachans there virtually disappeared[4]; many in the Scottish Highlands were victims of the Clearances. In some cases, they have evolved into holiday villages, or one or two houses have taken over, turning smaller houses into agricultural outhouses. Remains can be seen in many upland and coastal areas. Some are clustered in a dip in the landscape, to protect from Atlantic winds, but others stretch haphazardly along main roads. EtymologyThe word is composed of two elements, clach/cloch meaning "stone" and the masculine diminutive suffix -an/-án. It originally denoted one of two things:
This should not be confused with the Scottish Gaelic plural of clach which is clachan "stones", a homograph but not a homophone as it is pronounced /kʰl̪ˠaxən/. ExamplesIn Ireland:
In the meaning of "causeway", the most prominent example in Irish is the Giant's Causeway, known in Irish as Clochán an Aifir or Clochán na bhFomhórach. In Scotland, clachans can be found in Argyll and Bute, Highland Perthshire and in the Highland Council region but also elsewhere, for example:
In Canada:
See also
Notes1. ^The Scots Dialect Dictionary, compiled by Alexander Warrack, 1911, p 85 (reprinted, with an introduction by Betty Kirkpatrick, by Tantallon Books, 1988) 2. ^1 MacBain, A. (1911) An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language Stirling Eneas MacKay, 1982 edition by Gairm {{ISBN|0-901771-68-6}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2540&startset=6123628&query=CLACHAN&fhit=clachan&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404033415/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2540&startset=6123628&query=CLACHAN&fhit=clachan&dregion=form&dtext=snd|archivedate=4 April 2012 |title=Clachan |publisher=Dictionary of the Scots Language |accessdate=2011-10-24}} 4. ^D. Lloyd. Irish Times: Temporalities of Modernity, Field Day Books, Dublin, 2008, p. 40-41. 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dil.ie/results-list.asp?mode=BAS&Fuzzy=0&searchtext=cloch%C3%A1n&findlet=+&findcol=&sortField=ID&sortDIR=65602&respage=0&resperpage=10&bhcp=1 |title=eDIL |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Royal Irish Academy & University of Ulster |accessdate=10 June 2012}} External links
2 : Rural geography|Human habitats |
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