| 词条 | Classical demography | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Classical demography refers to the study of human demography in the Classical period. It often focuses on the absolute number of people who were alive in civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea between the Bronze Age and the fall of the Western Roman Empire, but in recent decades historians have been more interested in trying to analyse demographic processes such as the birth and death rates or the sex ratio of ancient populations. The period was characterized by an explosion in population with the rise of the Greek and Roman civilizations followed by a steep decline caused by economic and social disruption, migrations, and a return to primarily subsistence agriculture. Demographic questions play an important role in determining the size and structure of the economy of Ancient Greece and the Roman economy. Ancient Greece and Greek coloniesBeginning in the 8th century BC, Greek city-states began colonizing the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. Whether this sudden phenomenon was due to overpopulation, severe droughts, or an escape for vanquished people (or a combination) is still in question. The population of the entire Greek civilization (Greece, the Greek-speaking populations of Sicily, the coast of western Asia Minor, and the Black Sea) in the 4th century BC was recently estimated to be 500,000 to 600,000.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} Greece properThe geographical definition of Greece has fluctuated over time. While today the ancient kingdom of Macedonia is always considered part of the Greek world, in the Classical Period it was a distinct entity and even though Macedonians spoke Greek, they were not considered as a part of Greece by some Athenian writers. Similarly, almost all modern residents of historical Ionia, now part of Turkey, speak the Turkish language, although from the 1st millennium BC Ionia was densely populated by Greek-speaking people and an important part of Greek culture. Estimates of the population of Greek speakers in the coast and islands of the Aegean Sea during the 5th century BC vary from 800,000[1] to over 3,000,000. In Athens and Attica in the 5th century BC, there were at least 150,000 Athenians, around 50,000 aliens, and more than 100,000 slaves or perhaps higher in the range of 350,000 to 500,000 people, of which 160,000 normally resided inside the city and port.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} These are not accurate statistics. Other Greek colonizationThe ancient Roman province of Cyrenaica in the eastern region of present-day Libya was home to many several hundred thousand Greek, Latin and native communities. Originally settled by Greek colonists, five important settlements (Cyrene, Barca, Euesperides, Apollonia, and Tauchira) formed a pentapolis.[2] The fertility of the land, the exportation of silphium, and its location between Carthage and Alexandria made it a magnet for settlement. Ancient Phoenicia and Phoenician colonies{{expand section|date=October 2012}}Phoenicia also established colonies along the Mediterranean, including Carthage. Demography of the Hellenistic kingdomsWhen urbanization began to take place, it was Pella which became the largest city. Kingdom of Macedonia had 4 million people after the Wars of the Diadochi.[3][4] Ptolemaic EgyptGreek historian Diodorus Siculus estimated that 7,000,000 inhabitants resided in Egypt during his lifetime before its annexation by the Roman Empire.[5] Of this, he states that 300,000 citizens lived within the city of Alexandria. Seleucid EmpireThe population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million.[4] Demography of the Roman Empire{{main|Demography of the Roman Empire}}There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55–65 million as the most accepted range. An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:[6]
Roman ItalyThe total population of Roman Italy (south of the Po Valley) was estimated{{by whom|date=August 2012}} to be around 4 million before the Second Punic War. The figure is approximate: the Romans carried out a regular census of citizens eligible for military service (Polybius 2.23), but for the population of the rest of Italy at this time we have to rely on a single report of the military strength of Rome's allies in 227 BC – and guess the numbers of those who were opposed to Rome at this time.[9] The citizen count in the second century B.C. hovered between 250–325,000 presumably males over the age of 13. The census of 70/69 B.C. records 910,000 presumably due to the extension of citizenship to the allies after the Social War of 91–88. Still, even if only males this seems like an undercount. For the 1st and 2nd centuries BC, historians have developed two radically different accounts, resting on different interpretations of the figures of 4,036,000 recorded for the census carried out by Augustus in 28 BC, 4,233,000 in 8 BC, and 4,937,000 in 14 AD. and almost 6 million during the reign of Claudius, not all of whom lived in Italy. Many lived in Spain, Gaul and other parts of the Empire. If this only represents adult male citizens (or some subset of adult male citizens those over age 13 as the census traditionally did not count children until they were formally enrolled as citizens early in puberty),{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} then the population of Italy must have been around 10 million, not including slaves and foreigners, which was a striking, sustained increase despite the Romans' losses in the almost constant wars over the previous two centuries. Others find this entirely incredible, and argue that the census must now be counting all citizens, male and female over the age of 13 – in which case the population had declined slightly, something which can readily be attributed to war casualties and to the crisis of the Italian peasantry.[10] The majority of historians favour the latter interpretation as being more demographically plausible, but the issue remains contentious.[11] Estimates for the population of mainland Italia, including Gallia Cisalpina, at the beginning of the 1st Century AD range from 6,000,000 according to Beloch in 1886, 6,830,000 according to Russell in 1958, less than 10,000,000 according to Hin in 2007,[12] and 14,000,000 according to Lo Cascio in 2009.[13] Evidence for the population of Rome itself or of the other cities of Roman Italy is equally scarce. For the capital, estimates have been based on the number of houses listed in 4th-century AD guidebooks, on the size of the built-up area, and on the volume of the water supply, all of which are problematic; the best guess is based on the number of recipients of the grain dole under Augustus, 200,000, implying a population of around 800,000–1,200,000.[14] Italy had numerous urban centres – over 400 are listed by Pliny the Elder – but the majority were small, with populations of just a few thousand. As much as 40% of the population might have lived in towns (25% if the city of Rome is excluded), on the face of it an astonishingly high level of urbanisation for a pre-industrial society. However, studies of later periods would not count the smallest centres as 'urban'; if only cities of 10,000+ are counted, Italy's level of urbanisation was a more realistic (but still impressive) 25% (11% excluding Rome).[15] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |first=Brian D |last=Joseph |title=GREEK, Ancient |date= |work= |publisher=Ohio State University Department of Linguistics |url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm}} 2. ^{{cite web|first=Jona |last=Lendering |title=Cyrene and the Cyrenaica |archivedate=2008-12-31 |work= |publisher= |url=http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrenaica/cyrenaica.html |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231121921/http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrenaica/cyrenaica.html |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Grant (author) |date=1990 |title=The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra |series=History of Civilisation |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |page=21-24 |isbn=0-297-82057-5 }} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Grant (author) |date=1990 |title=The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra |series=History of Civilisation |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |page=48 |isbn=0-297-82057-5 }} 5. ^{{harvp|Delia|1988}} 6. ^{{harvp|Durand|1977}} 7. ^{{harvp|Beloch|1886|p=507}} 8. ^1 2 {{harvp|Russell|1958}} 9. ^{{harvp|Brunt|1971|pp=44–60}} 10. ^{{harvp|Brunt|1971|pp=121–130}} 11. ^cf. {{harvp|Morley|2001}} and {{harvp|Scheidel|2001}} 12. ^{{harvp|Hin|2007}} 13. ^{{harvp|Lo Cascio|2009}} 14. ^{{harvp|Morley|1996|pp=33–39}} 15. ^{{harvp|Morley|1996|pp=174–183}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
Further readingAncient Greece{{refbegin}}
External links
2 : Demographic history|Classical studies |
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