| 词条 | By any means necessary |
| 释义 |
By any means necessary is a translation of a phrase used by French intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre in his play Dirty Hands. It entered the popular civil rights culture through a speech given by Malcolm X at the Organization of Afro-American Unity founding rally on June 28, 1964. It is generally considered to leave open all available tactics for the desired ends, including violence; however, the “necessary” qualifier adds a caveat—if violence is not necessary, then presumably, it should not be used. Jean-Paul SartreThe phrase is translation of a sentence used in French intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre's play Dirty Hands: {{quote| text = I was not the one to invent lies: they were created in a society divided by class and each of us inherited lies when we were born. It is not by refusing to lie that we will abolish lies: it is by eradicating class by any means necessary. | sign = Jean-Paul Sartre | source = Dirty Hands: act 5, scene 3. 1963 }} Malcolm XIt entered the popular culture through a speech given by Malcolm X in the last year of his life. {{quote| text = We declare our right on this earth to be a man, to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary. | sign = Malcolm X | source = 1965[2] }} Mandela caseIn the final scene of the 1992 movie Malcolm X, Nelson Mandela—recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment—appears as a schoolteacher in a Soweto classroom.[3][4] Yet Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter the famous final phrase "by any means necessary" on camera; fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did. Lee obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of Malcolm X himself delivering the phrase.[4] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book| author = Malcolm X| authorlink = Malcolm X| title = By Any Means Necessary (Malcolm X Speeches & Writings)| year = 1992| publisher = Pathfinder Press| location = New York| isbn = 0-87348-754-0}} [1][2][3]2. ^1 {{cite web| last = Cunningham| first = Matthew| date = 3 June 2004| title = Creme cameos| work = The Guardian| url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/jun/03/features.matthewcunningham| accessdate = 2008-10-26}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book| last = Guerrero| first = Ed| year = 1993| title = Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film| publisher = Temple University Press| isbn = 1-56639-126-1| page = 202}} }}{{Malcolm X}}{{poli-term-stub}} 3 : Political violence|Political catchphrases|Malcolm X |
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