“Clonal selection”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (specifically B cells), a specific antigen only activates (i.e. selects) its counter-specific cell so that particular cell is induced to multiply (producing its clones) for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes.^[4] In short the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity.^[5] The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody.^[6] The idea turned out to be the foundation of molecular immunology, especially in adaptive immunity.^[7]

Postulates

Early work

In 1900, Paul Ehrlich proposed the so-called side chain theory of antibody production. According to it, certain cells exhibit on their surface different "side chains" (i.e. membrane-bound antibodies) able to react with different antigens. When an antigen comes, it binds to a matching side chain. Then the cell stops producing all other side chains and starts intensive synthesis and secretion of the antigen-binding side chain as a soluble antibody. This was a selection (though not clonal selection) theory far more accurate than the instructive theories that dominated immunology in the next decades.

In 1955, Danish immunologist Niels Jerne put forward a hypothesis that there is already a vast array of soluble antibodies in the serum prior to any infection. The entrance of an antigen into the body results in the selection of only one type of antibody to match it. This may happen by certain cells phagocytosing the immune complexes and somehow replicating the antibody structure to produce more of it.^[8]

Further work

In 1957, David W. Talmage hypothesized that antigens bind to antibodies on the surface of antibody-producing cells and "only those cells are selected for multiplication whose synthesized product has affinity for the antigen". The key difference from Ehrlich's theory was that every cell was presumed to synthesize only one sort of antibody. After antigen binding the cell proliferates, forming a clone producing the same antibody.

Burnet's clonal selection theory

Later in the same year, Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet published a paper titled ‘A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection’ in a rather obscure Australian Journal of Science. In it Burnet expanded the ideas of Talmage and named it "clonal selection theory." He further formalised the theory in his 1959 book The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. He explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other is longer lasting, remaining in the immune system for a long time, which results in immunity to that antigen. According to Burnet's hypothesis among antibodies are molecules that can correspond probably with varying degrees of precision to all, or virtually all, the antigenic determinants that occur in biological material other than that characteristic of the body itself. Each type of pattern is a specific product of a clone of lymphocytes and it is the essence of the hypothesis that each cell automatically has available on its surface representative reactive sites equivalent to those of the globulin they produce. When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluids it is assumed that it will attach to the surface of any lymphocyte carrying reactive sites which correspond to one of its antigenic determinants. Then the cell is activated and undergoes proliferation to produce a variety of descendants. In this way, preferential proliferation will be initiated of all those clones whose reactive sites correspond to the antigenic determinants on the antigen used. The descendants will be capable of active liberation of soluble antibody and lymphocytes which can fulfil the same functions as the parental forms.^[5]^[9]

In 1958, Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody, which was the first evidence for clonal selection theory.^[6]

Theories supported by clonal selection

Burnet and Peter Medawar worked together on understanding immunological tolerance, a phenomenon also explained by clonal selection. This is the organism’s ability to tolerate the introduction of cells without an immune response as long as this occurs early in the organism’s development. There are a vast number of lymphocytes occurring in the immune system ranging from cells which are tolerant of self tissue to cells which are not tolerant of self tissue. However, only cells that are tolerant to self tissue will survive the embryonic stage. If non-self tissue is introduced, the lymphocytes which develop will be the ones which included the non-self tissues as self tissue.

In 1959 Burnet proposed that under certain circumstances, tissues could be successfully transplanted into foreign recipients. This work has led to a much greater understanding of the immune system and also great advances in tissues transplantation. Burnet and Medawar shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960.

In 1974 Niels Kaj Jerne proposed that the immune system functions as a network, that is regulated via interactions between the variable parts of lymphocytes and their secreted molecules. Immune network theory is firmly based on the concept of clonal selection. Jerne won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, largely for his contributions to immune network theory.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last=Burnet|first=FM|title=A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection.|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|year=1976|volume=26|issue=2|pages=119–21|pmid=816431|doi=10.3322/canjclin.26.2.119}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Cohn|first=Melvin|author2=Av Mitchison, N. |author3=Paul, William E. |author4=Silverstein, Arthur M. |author5=Talmage, David W. |author6=Weigert, Martin |title=Reflections on the clonal-selection theory|journal=Nature Reviews Immunology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=10|pages=823–830|doi=10.1038/nri2177|pmid=17893695}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rajewsky|first1=Klaus|title=Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system|journal=Nature|volume=381|issue=6585|year=1996|pages=751–758|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/381751a0}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title = Janeway's Immunobiology 8th Edition|last = Murphy|first = Kenneth|publisher = Garland Science|year = 2012|isbn = 9780815342434|location = New York, NY|pages = }}
5. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Margaret A|author2=Baxter, Alan G|title=Quantitative and qualitative approaches to GOD: the first 10 years of the clonal selection theory|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|year=2007|volume=86|issue=1|pages=72–79|doi=10.1038/sj.icb.7100140|pmid=18040281}}
6. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Nossal|first=G. J. V.|author2=Lederberg, Joshua|title=Antibody Production by Single Cells|journal=Nature|year=1958|volume=181|issue=4620|pages=1419–1420|doi=10.1038/1811419a0|pmid=13552693|pmc=2082245}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Medzhitov|first=R.|title=Pattern Recognition Theory and the Launch of Modern Innate Immunity|journal=The Journal of Immunology|year=2013|volume=191|issue=9|pages=4473–4474|pmid=24141853|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1302427}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Burnet|first1=F. M.|title=A Modification of Jerne's Theory of Antibody Production using the Concept of Clonal Selection|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=26|issue=2|year=1976|pages=119–121|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/canjclin.26.2.119|pmid=816431}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Hodgkin|first=Philip D|author2=Heath, William R |author3=Baxter, Alan G |title=The clonal selection theory: 50 years since the revolution|journal=Nature Immunology|year=2007|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1019–1026|doi=10.1038/ni1007-1019|pmid=17878907}}