| 词条 | Coach (carriage) |
| 释义 |
A coach is originally a large, usually closed, four-wheeled carriage with two or more horses harnessed as a team, controlled by a coachman and/or one or more postilions. It had doors in the sides, with generally a front and a back seat inside and, for the driver, a small, usually elevated seat in front called a box, box seat or coach box. The term "coach" first came into use in the 15th century, and spread across Europe. There are a number of types of coaches, with differentiations based on use, location and size. Special breeds of horses, such as the now-extinct Yorkshire Coach Horse, were developed to pull the vehicles. History{{see also|Carriage}}Kocs (pronounced "koch") was the Hungarian post town in the 15th century onwards, which gave its name to a fast light vehicle, which later spread across Europe. Therefore, the English word coach, the Spanish and Portuguese coche, the German Kutsche, and the Slovak koč and Czech kočár all probably derive from the Hungarian word "kocsi", literally meaning "of Kocs".[1][2]It was not until about the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, that coaches were introduced to England. Coaches were reputedly introduced into England from France by Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel.[3] A coach with four horses is a coach-and-four.[4] A coach together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout.[5] The bodies of early coaches were hung on leather straps. In the eighteenth century steel springs were substituted, an improvement in suspension. An advertisement in the Edinburgh Courant for 1754 reads: The Edinburgh stage-coach, for the better accommodation of passengers, will be altered to a new genteel two-end glass coach-machine, hung on steel springs, exceedingly light and easy... In the mid 19th century American Concord stagecoaches used leather straps in a similar way. A coach might have a built-in compartment called a boot, used originally as a seat for the coachman and later for storage. A luggage case for the top of a coach was called an imperial; the top, roof or second-story compartment of a coach was also known as an imperial.[6] The front and rear axles were connected by a main shaft called the perch or reach. A crossbar known as a splinter bar supported the springs. Coaches were often decorated by painters using a sable brush called a liner. In the 19th century the name coach was used for U.S. railway carriages,[7] and in the 20th century to motor coaches. See John Taylor (poet) for a very adverse opinion of the arrival of horsedrawn coaches in England. Types of coachesThere are a number of coach types, including but not limited to:
The principal ceremonial coaches in the United Kingdom are the Gold State Coach, Irish State Coach and Scottish State Coach. Coaches for public hire or transport
Coach miscellanyThe business of a coachman, like the pilot of an aircraft, was to expertly direct and take all responsibility for a coach or carriage and its horses, their stabling, feeding and maintenance and the associated staff. He was also called a jarvey or jarvie, especially in Ireland; Jarvey was a nickname for Jarvis. If he drove dangerously fast or recklessly he was a jehu (from Jehu, king of Israel, who was noted for his furious attacks in a chariot (2 Kings 9:20), or a Phaeton (from Greek Phaethon, son of Helios, who attempted to drive the chariot of the sun but managed to set the earth on fire). A postilion or postillion sometimes rode as a guide on the near horse of a pair or of one of the pairs attached to a coach, especially when there was no coachman. A guard on a horse-drawn coach was called a shooter. Traveling by coach, or pleasure driving in a coach, as in a tally-ho, was called coaching. In driving a coach, the coachman used a coachwhip, usually provided with a long lash. Experienced coachmen never used the lash on their horses. They used the whip to flick the ear of the leader to give them the office to move on, or cracked it next to their heads to request increased speed.
Coach horsesA coach horse or coacher bred for drawing a coach is typically heavier and of more compact build than a road horse and exhibits good style and action.[10] Breeds include:
References1. ^coach definition in CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 12, 2012. 2. ^Definition "coach" in Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 3. ^{{cite book|title=The Percy Anecdotes|author1=Percy, S.|author2=Percy, R.|date=1823|issue=19. k.|publisher=T. Boys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvkxAQAAMAAJ|page=54|accessdate=2014-10-12}} 4. ^Definition of coach-and-four by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. Free access. 5. ^Turn out – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 6. ^Definition of imperial by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. Free access. 7. ^Oxford English Dictionary 8. ^Box Coat. Probert Encyclopaedia. 9. ^Hammercloth in Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2000). 10. ^Detailed information about specific breeds of horses: Carriage Horses in Britain. Georgian Index. External links{{Commons category|Coaches (carriage)}}{{wikiquote|Coaches}}{{EB1911 Poster|Coach}}
5 : Carriages|Animal-powered vehicles|History of road transport|Horse transportation|Hungarian inventions |
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