| 释义 |
- Structure
- History
- See also
- External links
{{for|the Old Occitan literary genre|cobla esparsa}}The cobla ({{IPA-ca|ˈkobːlə}}, plural cobles) is a traditional music ensemble of Catalonia, Spain and in Northern Catalonia in France. It is generally used to accompany the Sardana, a traditional Catalan folk dance, danced in a circle. StructureThe modern Cobla normally consists of 11 players with the following instruments: - One flabiol, a type of fipple flute played with the left hand while a tamborí, a small drum attached to the left arm of the player, is played with the other hand.
- Four Catalan shawms – double-reed woodwinds
- Two tibles – a tible is like an oboe, but with a louder sound
- Two tenores – a tenora is a larger version of the tible
- Five brass instruments
- Two trumpets
- A trombone – often a valve-trombone
- Two fiscorns – a fiscorn is a rotary-valved baritone saxhorn with the bell facing forward, similar in appearance to a large flugelhorn
- A string bass – originally and still often a three-string double bass
There are small variations to this instrumentation in contemporary coblas: for example there is sometimes a third trumpet player. The playing formation has two rows. The front row has (as seen by the audience from left to right) the flabiolist (with pipe and drum), the second and first tibles, and the first and second tenores. The back row, often raised, has the second and first trumpets, the trombone, and the first and second fiscorns. The double bass player, often standing, is on the right of the band. HistoryOriginally, the cobla was a 3-piece band: - One person played the flabiol and drum
- The second person played the tible
- The third played bagpipes
The main instrument in the cobla, the tenora, was developed around 1850 by French-Catalan luthier Andreu Toron, in Perpignan/Perpinyà. The modern 11-piece cobla was developed by the Catalan musician Josep Maria "Pep" Ventura. He wrote over 200 Sardana compositions. There is a small street named after him in Barcelona, as well as a subway stop, presumably because of this achievement. See alsoExternal links- La Sardana Videos of cobles performing sardanes
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwa4a8NjXJw El testament n'Amèlia] Video of a performance of this sardana (composer Joan Lamote de Grignon), by the cobla "Comtat d'Empúries" in Castelló d'Empúries
- The Selvatana Cobla site has many pictures and the history of this particular cobla, which was founded in 1913.
- www.cobla-amsterdam.nl, site of the only non-Catalan cobla in the world, Cobla La Principal d'Amsterdam, founded in 1987 by a group of Dutch professional musicians, distinguished with the Catalan Creu de Sant Jordi in 2007.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060501012258/http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~coby/essays/sardana.htm The Sardana and I], an essay about Catalan traditional dancing and music.
- 45-sec Video of Sardana music and dance on Commons
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007113832/http://martinpaling.com/blog/2009/05/15/sardana-dance/ Audio Recording of Cobla Music, Palamos, Catalunya]
- MP-3 examples of sardana music are available on the Selvatana Cobla{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630120519/http://www.coblasabadell.com/mp3/lescomares.mp3 Cobla Sabadell] sites.
{{Music of Spain}}Sardana#Die Cobla, das Sardana-Orchester 2 : Catalan music|Sardana |