| 词条 | Cochlearia officinalis |
| 释义 |
|name = Cochlearia officinalis |image =Cochlearia_officinalis_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-186.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Brassicales |familia = Brassicaceae |genus = Cochlearia |species = C. officinalis |binomial = Cochlearia officinalis |binomial_authority = L. }} Cochlearia officinalis, (or Common Scurvygrass, 'scurvy-grass' and 'spoonwort') is a flowering plant of the genus Cochlearia in the family Brassicaceae. The plant acquired its common name from the observation that it cured scurvy, and it was taken on board ships in dried bundles or distilled extracts. Its very bitter taste was usually disguised with herbs and spices; however, this did not prevent scurvygrass drinks and sandwiches becoming a popular fad in the UK until the middle of the nineteenth century, when citrus fruits became more readily available. DescriptionCochlearia officinalis is a biennial/perennial,[1] growing to {{convert|10|-|50|cm|abbr=on}}.[2] The stems are hairless and long stalked with fleshy leaves. The leaves are heart or kidney shaped, the lower stems leaves form a rosette around the base of the plant.[2] It is in flower from May to August,[4] they are small, and come in white or lilac,[1] with four daisy-like petals.[2] The seeds ripen from July to September,[4] they are globe shaped. The small, round seeds are reddish brown.[2] The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by bees, flies, and beetles. The plant is self-fertile. It is also noted for attracting wildlife and not being frost tender.[1]TaxonomyIt is commonly known as 'common scurvy-grass',[2][3] 'scurvy-grass' and 'spoonwort'.[12] It was formerly described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication 'Species Plantarum' in 1753, on page 647.[4][5] The specific epithet officinalis, refers to the Linnaeus term for plants with an established medicinal, culinary, or other use.[6] It has one known subspecies, Cochlearia officinalis subsp. integrifolia (Hartm.) Nordal & Stabbetorp.[5] Distribution and habitatCochlearia officinalis is a temperate native to Europe.[3][7]RangeIt is found within Eastern Europe, in the Russian Federation, (within the Administrative centre of Arkhangelsk, Komi, Murmansk and Nenets). In Middle Europe, within Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and Switzerland. In Northern Europe, within Iceland, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In Southwestern Europe within France.[7] It has also naturalised in other parts of Europe such as Italy and Spain.[7] HabitatIt grows in the coastal and mountainous regions of Europe, including the Alps.[3] In Ireland, it prefers saltmarshes, coastal cliffs and walls, and rocky, muddy seashores.[8] In Northern Scandinavia, it grows in gravel beaches, crevices in beach cliffs and salt marshes.[9] UsesIt was once used as Herbalists as a cure for Scurvy, as the plant contains Vitamin C.[2] Nicholas Culpeper wrote in his book 'Complete Herbal', of Scurvygrass that its chief good effect is when used 'by those that have the scurvy' and that it 'is of singular good effect to cleanse the blood, liver and spleen, taking the juice in the Spring every morning fasting in a cup of drink.[8] The leaves were also made into a beer called 'scurvygrass ale',[2] it has been occasionally re-made as a craft ale.[10] References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Cochlearia officinalis - L. |publisher=Plants For A Future |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+officinalis |accessdate=24 December 2017}} {{Commons|Cochlearia officinalis}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q160191}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=55 |publisher=Reader's Digest |isbn=9780276002175}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Cochlearia officinalis |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4056/i-Cochlearia-officinalis-i/Details|publisher=rhs.org.uk|accessdate=24 December 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Brassicaceae Cochlearia officinalis L.|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=281469-1|publisher=ipni.org|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Cochlearia officinalis L. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2729901|date=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |location= |year=2004 |page=456 |isbn=0-88192-627-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&pg=PA456}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Taxon: Cochlearia officinalis L. |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11010|date=4 April 2012|publisher=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Information on Common Scurvygrass|url=http://www.wildflowersofireland.net/plant_detail.php?id_flower=346&wildflower=Scurvygrass,%20Common |publisher=wildflowersofireland.net|accessdate=24 December 2017}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Brandrud|first1=Marie K.|last2=Paun|first2=Ovidiu|last3=Lorenzo|first3=Maria T.|last4=Nordal|first4=Inger|last5=Brysting|first5=Anne K.|title=RADseq provides evidence for parallel ecotypic divergence in the autotetraploid Cochlearia officinalis in Northern Norway|journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7|issue=1|pages=5573|date=2017|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-05794-z|pmid=28717144|pmc=5514025|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05794-z|accessdate=24 December 2017|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.5573B}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=52 WEEKS OF HISTORICAL HOW-TO’S, WEEK 26: BREWING SCURVY GRASS ALE!|url=https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/52-weeks-of-historical-how-tos-week-26-brewing-scurvy-grass-ale/|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=24 December 2017}} 16 : Brassicaceae|Flora of Europe|Flora of Russia|Flora of Belgium|Flora of Germany|Flora of the Netherlands|Flora of Switzerland|Flora of Denmark|Flora of the Faroe Islands|Flora of Finland|Flora of Ireland|Flora of Norway|Flora of Sweden|Flora of the United Kingdom|Flora of France|Plants described in 1753 |
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